This document covers all stable modules in django.utils
. Most of the
modules in django.utils
are designed for internal use and only the
following parts can be considered stable and thus backwards compatible as per
the internal release deprecation policy.
django.utils.cache
¶This module contains helper functions for controlling HTTP caching. It does so
by managing the Vary
header of responses. It includes functions to patch
the header of response objects directly and decorators that change functions to
do that header-patching themselves.
For information on the Vary
header, see RFC 7231#section-7.1.4.
Essentially, the Vary
HTTP header defines which headers a cache should take
into account when building its cache key. Requests with the same path but
different header content for headers named in Vary
need to get different
cache keys to prevent delivery of wrong content.
For example, internationalization middleware would
need to distinguish caches by the Accept-language
header.
patch_cache_control
(response, **kwargs)¶This function patches the Cache-Control
header by adding all keyword
arguments to it. The transformation is as follows:
True
(exactly True
, not just a
true value), only the parameter name is added to the header.str()
to it.Support for multiple field names in the no-cache
directive was
added.
get_max_age
(response)¶Returns the max-age from the response Cache-Control header as an integer
(or None
if it wasn't found or wasn't an integer).
patch_response_headers
(response, cache_timeout=None)¶Adds some useful headers to the given HttpResponse
object:
Expires
Cache-Control
Each header is only added if it isn't already set.
cache_timeout
is in seconds. The CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS
setting is used by default.
add_never_cache_headers
(response)¶Adds a Cache-Control: max-age=0, no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate,
private
header to a response to indicate that a page should never be
cached.
private
directive was added.
patch_vary_headers
(response, newheaders)¶Adds (or updates) the Vary
header in the given HttpResponse
object.
newheaders
is a list of header names that should be in Vary
. If
headers contains an asterisk, then Vary
header will consist of a single
asterisk '*'
. Otherwise, existing headers in Vary
aren't removed.
Handling an asterisk '*'
according to RFC 7231#section-7.1.4 was
added.
get_cache_key
(request, key_prefix=None, method='GET', cache=None)¶Mengembalikan sebuah kunci cache pada jalur permintaan. Itu dapat digunakan di tahapan permintaan karena itu mengambil daftar dari kepala untuk diambil kedalam akun dari registrar jalur global dan menggunakan mereka untuk membangun sebuah kunci cache untuk memeriksa.
If there is no headerlist stored, the page needs to be rebuilt, so this
function returns None
.
learn_cache_key
(request, response, cache_timeout=None, key_prefix=None, cache=None)¶Learns what headers to take into account for some request path from the
response object. It stores those headers in a global path registry so that
later access to that path will know what headers to take into account
without building the response object itself. The headers are named in
the Vary
header of the response, but we want to prevent response
generation.
The list of headers to use for cache key generation is stored in the same cache as the pages themselves. If the cache ages some data out of the cache, this means that we have to build the response once to get at the Vary header and so at the list of headers to use for the cache key.
django.utils.dateparse
¶The functions defined in this module share the following properties:
datetime
module.ValueError
if their input is well formatted but isn't a
valid date or time.None
if it isn't well formatted at all.parse_date
(value)¶Mengurai string dan mengembalikan datetime.date
.
parse_time
(value)¶Mengurai string dan mengembalikan datetime.time
.
UTC offsets aren't supported; if value
describes one, the result is
None
.
Support for comma separators for milliseconds was added.
parse_datetime
(value)¶Mengurai string dan mengembalikan datetime.datetime
.
UTC offsets are supported; if value
describes one, the result's
tzinfo
attribute is a datetime.timezone
instance.
Support for comma separators for milliseconds was added.
parse_duration
(value)¶Mengurai string dan mengembalikan datetime.timedelta
.
Expects data in the format "DD HH:MM:SS.uuuuuu"
,
"DD HH:MM:SS,uuuuuu"
, or as specified by ISO 8601 (e.g.
P4DT1H15M20S
which is equivalent to 4 1:15:20
) or PostgreSQL's
day-time interval format (e.g. 3 days 04:05:06
).
Support for comma separators for decimal fractions in the ISO 8601
format and for the format "DD HH:MM:SS,uuuuuu"
was added.
django.utils.decorators
¶method_decorator
(decorator, name='')[sumber]¶Converts a function decorator into a method decorator. It can be used to
decorate methods or classes; in the latter case, name
is the name
of the method to be decorated and is required.
decorator
may also be a list or tuple of functions. They are wrapped
in reverse order so that the call order is the order in which the functions
appear in the list/tuple.
Lihat decorating class based views untuk contoh penggunaan.
decorator_from_middleware
(middleware_class)[sumber]¶Given a middleware class, returns a view decorator. This lets you use middleware functionality on a per-view basis. The middleware is created with no params passed.
It assumes middleware that's compatible with the old style of Django 1.9
and earlier (having methods like process_request()
,
process_exception()
, and process_response()
).
decorator_from_middleware_with_args
(middleware_class)[sumber]¶Like decorator_from_middleware
, but returns a function
that accepts the arguments to be passed to the middleware_class.
For example, the cache_page()
decorator is created from the CacheMiddleware
like this:
cache_page = decorator_from_middleware_with_args(CacheMiddleware)
@cache_page(3600)
def my_view(request):
pass
sync_only_middleware
(middleware)[sumber]¶Marks a middleware as synchronous-only. (The default in Django, but this allows you to future-proof if the default ever changes in a future release.)
async_only_middleware
(middleware)[sumber]¶Marks a middleware as asynchronous-only. Django will wrap it in an asynchronous event loop when it is called from the WSGI request path.
sync_and_async_middleware
(middleware)[sumber]¶Marks a middleware as sync and async compatible, this allows to avoid converting requests. You must implement detection of the current request type to use this decorator. See asynchronous middleware documentation for details.
django.utils.encoding
¶smart_str
(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict')¶Returns a str
object representing arbitrary object s
. Treats
bytestrings using the encoding
codec.
If strings_only
is True
, don't convert (some) non-string-like
objects.
is_protected_type
(obj)¶Tentukan jika instance obyek adalah jenis dilindungi.
Objects of protected types are preserved as-is when passed to
force_str(strings_only=True)
.
force_str
(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict')¶Similar to smart_str()
, except that lazy instances are resolved to
strings, rather than kept as lazy objects.
If strings_only
is True
, don't convert (some) non-string-like
objects.
smart_bytes
(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict')¶Returns a bytestring version of arbitrary object s
, encoded as
specified in encoding
.
If strings_only
is True
, don't convert (some) non-string-like
objects.
force_bytes
(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict')¶Similar to smart_bytes
, except that lazy instances are resolved to
bytestrings, rather than kept as lazy objects.
If strings_only
is True
, don't convert (some) non-string-like
objects.
smart_text
(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict')¶Ditinggalkan sejak versi 3.0.
Alias of force_str()
for backwards compatibility, especially in code
that supports Python 2.
force_text
(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict')¶Ditinggalkan sejak versi 3.0.
Alias of force_str()
for backwards compatibility, especially in code
that supports Python 2.
iri_to_uri
(iri)¶Convert an Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) portion to a URI portion that is suitable for inclusion in a URL.
This is the algorithm from section 3.1 of RFC 3987#section-3.1, slightly simplified since the input is assumed to be a string rather than an arbitrary byte stream.
Takes an IRI (string or UTF-8 bytes) and returns a string containing the encoded result.
uri_to_iri
(uri)¶Merubah Uniform Resource Identifier menjadi Internationalized Resource Identifier.
Ini adalah sebuah algoritma dari bagian 3.2 dari RFC 3987#section-3.2.
Takes a URI in ASCII bytes and returns a string containing the encoded result.
filepath_to_uri
(path)¶Convert a file system path to a URI portion that is suitable for inclusion
in a URL. The path is assumed to be either UTF-8 bytes, string, or a
Path
.
This method will encode certain characters that would normally be
recognized as special characters for URIs. Note that this method does not
encode the ' character, as it is a valid character within URIs. See
encodeURIComponent()
JavaScript function for more details.
Returns an ASCII string containing the encoded result.
Dukungan untuk jalur pathlib.Path
path
telah ditambahkan.
escape_uri_path
(path)¶Escapes the unsafe characters from the path portion of a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).
django.utils.feedgenerator
¶Contoh penggunaan:
>>> from django.utils import feedgenerator
>>> feed = feedgenerator.Rss201rev2Feed(
... title="Poynter E-Media Tidbits",
... link="http://www.poynter.org/column.asp?id=31",
... description="A group Weblog by the sharpest minds in online media/journalism/publishing.",
... language="en",
... )
>>> feed.add_item(
... title="Hello",
... link="http://www.holovaty.com/test/",
... description="Testing.",
... )
>>> with open('test.rss', 'w') as fp:
... feed.write(fp, 'utf-8')
For simplifying the selection of a generator use feedgenerator.DefaultFeed
which is currently Rss201rev2Feed
Untuk pengertian dari versi berbeda dari RSS, lihat https://web.archive.org/web/20110718035220/http://diveintomark.org/archives/2004/02/04/incompatible-rss
get_tag_uri
(url, date)¶Membuat TagURI.
Lihat https://web.archive.org/web/20110514113830/http://diveintomark.org/archives/2004/05/28/howto-atom-id
SyndicationFeed
¶SyndicationFeed
¶Base class for all syndication feeds. Subclasses should provide write().
__init__
(title, link, description, language=None, author_email=None, author_name=None, author_link=None, subtitle=None, categories=None, feed_url=None, feed_copyright=None, feed_guid=None, ttl=None, **kwargs)¶Initialize the feed with the given dictionary of metadata, which applies to the entire feed.
Any extra keyword arguments you pass to __init__
will be stored in
self.feed
.
All parameters should be strings, except categories
, which should
be a sequence of strings.
add_item
(title, link, description, author_email=None, author_name=None, author_link=None, pubdate=None, comments=None, unique_id=None, categories=(), item_copyright=None, ttl=None, updateddate=None, enclosures=None, **kwargs)¶Adds an item to the feed. All args are expected to be strings except
pubdate
and updateddate
, which are datetime.datetime
objects, and enclosures
, which is a list of Enclosure
instances.
num_items
()¶root_attributes
()¶Return extra attributes to place on the root (i.e. feed/channel)
element. Called from write()
.
add_root_elements
(handler)¶Tambah unsur-unsur dalam akar unsur (yaitu feed/channel). Dipanggil dari write()
.
item_attributes
(item)¶Mengembalikan atribut tambahan untuk ditempatkan pada setiap unsur (yaitu item/entry) barang
add_item_elements
(handler, item)¶Tambah unsur-unsur pada setiap unsur (yaitu item/entry) barang.
write
(outfile, encoding)¶Outputs the feed in the given encoding to outfile
, which is a
file-like object. Subclasses should override this.
writeString
(encoding)¶Returns the feed in the given encoding as a string.
latest_post_date
()¶Returns the latest pubdate
or updateddate
for all items in the
feed. If no items have either of these attributes this returns the
current UTC date/time.
Rss201rev2Feed
¶Rss201rev2Feed
(RssFeed)¶Specifikasi: https://cyber.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html
RssUserland091Feed
¶RssUserland091Feed
(RssFeed)¶Spesifikasi: http://backend.userland.com/rss091
django.utils.functional
¶cached_property
(func, name=None)[sumber]¶The @cached_property
decorator caches the result of a method with a
single self
argument as a property. The cached result will persist
as long as the instance does, so if the instance is passed around and the
function subsequently invoked, the cached result will be returned.
Consider a typical case, where a view might need to call a model's method to perform some computation, before placing the model instance into the context, where the template might invoke the method once more:
# the model
class Person(models.Model):
def friends(self):
# expensive computation
...
return friends
# in the view:
if person.friends():
...
Dan dalam cetakan anda akan miliki:
{% for friend in person.friends %}
Here, friends()
will be called twice. Since the instance person
in
the view and the template are the same, decorating the friends()
method
with @cached_property
can avoid that:
from django.utils.functional import cached_property
class Person(models.Model):
@cached_property
def friends(self):
...
Note that as the method is now a property, in Python code it will need to be accessed appropriately:
# in the view:
if person.friends:
...
The cached value can be treated like an ordinary attribute of the instance:
# clear it, requiring re-computation next time it's called
del person.friends # or delattr(person, "friends")
# set a value manually, that will persist on the instance until cleared
person.friends = ["Huckleberry Finn", "Tom Sawyer"]
Because of the way the descriptor protocol works, using del
(or delattr
) on a
cached_property
that hasn't been accessed raises AttributeError
.
As well as offering potential performance advantages, @cached_property
can ensure that an attribute's value does not change unexpectedly over the
life of an instance. This could occur with a method whose computation is
based on datetime.now()
, or if a change were saved to the database by
some other process in the brief interval between subsequent invocations of
a method on the same instance.
You can make cached properties of methods. For example, if you had an
expensive get_friends()
method and wanted to allow calling it without
retrieving the cached value, you could write:
friends = cached_property(get_friends, name='friends')
You only need the name
argument for Python < 3.6 support.
While person.get_friends()
will recompute the friends on each call, the
value of the cached property will persist until you delete it as described
above:
x = person.friends # calls first time
y = person.get_friends() # calls again
z = person.friends # does not call
x is z # is True
classproperty
(method=None)[sumber]¶Similar to @classmethod
, the @classproperty
decorator converts the result of a method with a single cls
argument
into a property that can be accessed directly from the class.
keep_lazy
(func, *resultclasses)[sumber]¶Django menawarkan banyak fungsi-fungsi kegunaan (khususnya dalam django.utils
) yang mengambil sebuah string sebagai argumen pertama mereka dan melakukan sesuatu ke string itu. Fungsi-fungsi ini digunakan oleh penyaring cetakan sama halnya langsung dalam kode lain.
If you write your own similar functions and deal with translations, you'll face the problem of what to do when the first argument is a lazy translation object. You don't want to convert it to a string immediately, because you might be using this function outside of a view (and hence the current thread's locale setting will not be correct).
For cases like this, use the django.utils.functional.keep_lazy()
decorator. It modifies the function so that if it's called with a lazy
translation as one of its arguments, the function evaluation is delayed
until it needs to be converted to a string.
Sebagai contoh:
from django.utils.functional import keep_lazy, keep_lazy_text
def fancy_utility_function(s, ...):
# Do some conversion on string 's'
...
fancy_utility_function = keep_lazy(str)(fancy_utility_function)
# Or more succinctly:
@keep_lazy(str)
def fancy_utility_function(s, ...):
...
The keep_lazy()
decorator takes a number of extra arguments (*args
)
specifying the type(s) that the original function can return. A common
use case is to have functions that return text. For these, you can pass the
str
type to keep_lazy
(or use the keep_lazy_text()
decorator
described in the next section).
Menggunakan penghias ini berarti anda dapat menulis fungsi anda dan menganggap bahwa masukan adalah string yang sesuai, kemudian tambah dukungan untuk obyek terjemahan lazy pada akhirnya.
keep_lazy_text
(func)[sumber]¶Sebuah jalan pintas untuk keep_lazy(str)(func)
.
If you have a function that returns text and you want to be able to take lazy arguments while delaying their evaluation, you can use this decorator:
from django.utils.functional import keep_lazy, keep_lazy_text
# Our previous example was:
@keep_lazy(str)
def fancy_utility_function(s, ...):
...
# Which can be rewritten as:
@keep_lazy_text
def fancy_utility_function(s, ...):
...
django.utils.html
¶Usually you should build up HTML using Django's templates to make use of its
autoescape mechanism, using the utilities in django.utils.safestring
where appropriate. This module provides some additional low level utilities for
escaping HTML.
escape
(text)¶Returns the given text with ampersands, quotes and angle brackets encoded
for use in HTML. The input is first coerced to a string and the output has
mark_safe()
applied.
In older versions, '
is converted to its decimal code '
instead of the equivalent hex code '
.
conditional_escape
(text)¶Mirip pada escape()
, kecuali bahwa itu tidak berjalan pada string pra-pelolosan, jadi itu tidak akan pelolosan ganda.
format_html
(format_string, *args, **kwargs)¶This is similar to str.format()
, except that it is appropriate for
building up HTML fragments. All args and kwargs are passed through
conditional_escape()
before being passed to str.format()
.
For the case of building up small HTML fragments, this function is to be
preferred over string interpolation using %
or str.format()
directly, because it applies escaping to all arguments - just like the
template system applies escaping by default.
Jadi, daripada menulis:
mark_safe("%s <b>%s</b> %s" % (
some_html,
escape(some_text),
escape(some_other_text),
))
Sebaiknya anda gunakan:
format_html("{} <b>{}</b> {}",
mark_safe(some_html),
some_text,
some_other_text,
)
Ini mempunyai keuntungan bahwa anda tidak butuh memberlakukan salinan escape()
pada setiap argumen dan resiko sebuah kesalahan dan kerentanan XSS jika anda melupakan satu.
Note that although this function uses str.format()
to do the
interpolation, some of the formatting options provided by str.format()
(e.g. number formatting) will not work, since all arguments are passed
through conditional_escape()
which (ultimately) calls
force_str()
on the values.
format_html_join
(sep, format_string, args_generator)¶A wrapper of format_html()
, for the common case of a group of
arguments that need to be formatted using the same format string, and then
joined using sep
. sep
is also passed through
conditional_escape()
.
args_generator
should be an iterator that returns the sequence of
args
that will be passed to format_html()
. For example:
format_html_join(
'\n', "<li>{} {}</li>",
((u.first_name, u.last_name) for u in users)
)
Mencoba memindahkan apapun yang terlihat seperti etiket HTML dari string, yaitu apapun mengandung dalam <>
.
Absolutely NO guarantee is provided about the resulting string being
HTML safe. So NEVER mark safe the result of a strip_tag
call without
escaping it first, for example with escape()
.
Sebagai contoh:
strip_tags(value)
Jika value
adalah "<b>Joel</b> <button>is</button> a <span>slug</span>"
nilai balikan akan menjadi "Joel is a slug"
.
Jika anda mencari pemecahan yang lebih kuat, lihatlah pustaka Python bleach.
html_safe
()¶Metode __html__()
pada kelas membantu cetakan bukan-Django mengenali kelas-kelas yang keluarannya tidak membutuhkan pelolosan HTML.
This decorator defines the __html__()
method on the decorated class
by wrapping __str__()
in mark_safe()
.
Ensure the __str__()
method does indeed return text that doesn't
require HTML escaping.
django.utils.http
¶urlencode
(query, doseq=False)¶Versi dari fungsi urllib.parse.urlencode()
python yang dapat beroperasi pada MultiValueDict
dan nilai-nilai bukan-string.
http_date
(epoch_seconds=None)¶Formats the time to match the RFC 1123#section-5.2.14 date format as specified by HTTP RFC 7231#section-7.1.1.1.
Accepts a floating point number expressed in seconds since the epoch in
UTC--such as that outputted by time.time()
. If set to None
,
defaults to the current time.
Outputs a string in the format Wdy, DD Mon YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT
.
base36_to_int
(s)¶Converts a base 36 string to an integer.
int_to_base36
(i)¶Converts a positive integer to a base 36 string.
urlsafe_base64_encode
(s)¶Encodes a bytestring to a base64 string for use in URLs, stripping any trailing equal signs.
urlsafe_base64_decode
(s)¶Decodes a base64 encoded string, adding back any trailing equal signs that might have been stripped.
django.utils.module_loading
¶Fungsi-fungsi untuk bekerja dengan modeul-modul Python.
import_string
(dotted_path)[sumber]¶Imports a dotted module path and returns the attribute/class designated by
the last name in the path. Raises ImportError
if the import failed. For
example:
from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
ValidationError = import_string('django.core.exceptions.ValidationError')
setara pada:
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
django.utils.safestring
¶Functions and classes for working with "safe strings": strings that can be displayed safely without further escaping in HTML. Marking something as a "safe string" means that the producer of the string has already turned characters that should not be interpreted by the HTML engine (e.g. '<') into the appropriate entities.
SafeString
[sumber]¶A str
subclass that has been specifically marked as "safe" (requires no
further escaping) for HTML output purposes.
mark_safe
(s)[sumber]¶Explicitly mark a string as safe for (HTML) output purposes. The returned object can be used everywhere a string is appropriate.
Can be called multiple times on a single string.
Can also be used as a decorator.
For building up fragments of HTML, you should normally be using
django.utils.html.format_html()
instead.
String marked safe will become unsafe again if modified. For example:
>>> mystr = '<b>Hello World</b> '
>>> mystr = mark_safe(mystr)
>>> type(mystr)
<class 'django.utils.safestring.SafeString'>
>>> mystr = mystr.strip() # removing whitespace
>>> type(mystr)
<type 'str'>
django.utils.text
¶format_lazy
(format_string, *args, **kwargs)¶A version of str.format()
for when format_string
, args
,
and/or kwargs
contain lazy objects. The first argument is the string to
be formatted. For example:
from django.utils.text import format_lazy
from django.utils.translation import pgettext_lazy
urlpatterns = [
path(format_lazy('{person}/<int:pk>/', person=pgettext_lazy('URL', 'person')),
PersonDetailView.as_view()),
]
This example allows translators to translate part of the URL. If "person"
is translated to "persona", the regular expression will match
persona/(?P<pk>\d+)/$
, e.g. persona/5/
.
slugify
(value, allow_unicode=False)¶Merubah string menjadi sebuah tanda siput URL dengan:
allow_unicode
is False
(the default).Sebagai contoh:
>>> slugify(' Joel is a slug ')
'joel-is-a-slug'
If you want to allow Unicode characters, pass allow_unicode=True
. For
example:
>>> slugify('你好 World', allow_unicode=True)
'你好-world'
django.utils.timezone
¶get_fixed_timezone
(offset)¶Returns a tzinfo
instance that represents a time zone
with a fixed offset from UTC.
offset
is a datetime.timedelta
or an integer number of
minutes. Use positive values for time zones east of UTC and negative
values for west of UTC.
get_default_timezone
()¶Returns a tzinfo
instance that represents the
default time zone.
get_default_timezone_name
()¶Returns the name of the default time zone.
get_current_timezone
()¶Returns a tzinfo
instance that represents the
current time zone.
get_current_timezone_name
()¶Returns the name of the current time zone.
activate
(timezone)¶Sets the current time zone. The
timezone
argument must be an instance of a tzinfo
subclass or a time zone name.
deactivate
()¶Tidak disetel current time zone.
override
(timezone)¶This is a Python context manager that sets the current time zone on entry with activate()
, and restores
the previously active time zone on exit. If the timezone
argument is
None
, the current time zone is unset
on entry with deactivate()
instead.
override
is also usable as a function decorator.
localtime
(value=None, timezone=None)¶Converts an aware datetime
to a different time zone,
by default the current time zone.
Ketika value
dihilangkan, itu awalan pada now()
.
Fungsi ini tidak bekerja pada datetime yang tidak dibuat-buat., gunakan make_aware()
sebagai gantinya.
localdate
(value=None, timezone=None)¶Uses localtime()
to convert an aware datetime
to a
date()
in a different time zone, by default the
current time zone.
Ketika value
dihilangkan, itu awalan pada now()
.
Fungsi ini tidak bekerja pada datetime yang tidak dibuat-buat.
now
()¶Returns a datetime
that represents the
current point in time. Exactly what's returned depends on the value of
USE_TZ
:
USE_TZ
is False
, this will be a
naive datetime (i.e. a datetime
without an associated timezone) that represents the current time
in the system's local timezone.USE_TZ
is True
, this will be an
aware datetime representing the
current time in UTC. Note that now()
will always return
times in UTC regardless of the value of TIME_ZONE
;
you can use localtime()
to get the time in the current time zone.is_aware
(value)¶Returns True
if value
is aware, False
if it is naive. This
function assumes that value
is a datetime
.
is_naive
(value)¶Returns True
if value
is naive, False
if it is aware. This
function assumes that value
is a datetime
.
make_aware
(value, timezone=None, is_dst=None)¶Returns an aware datetime
that represents the same
point in time as value
in timezone
, value
being a naive
datetime
. If timezone
is set to None
, it
defaults to the current time zone.
The pytz.AmbiguousTimeError
exception is raised if you try to make
value
aware during a DST transition where the same time occurs twice
(when reverting from DST). Setting is_dst
to True
or False
will
avoid the exception by choosing if the time is pre-transition or
post-transition respectively.
The pytz.NonExistentTimeError
exception is raised if you try to make
value
aware during a DST transition such that the time never occurred.
For example, if the 2:00 hour is skipped during a DST transition, trying to
make 2:30 aware in that time zone will raise an exception. To avoid that
you can use is_dst
to specify how make_aware()
should interpret
such a nonexistent time. If is_dst=True
then the above time would be
interpreted as 2:30 DST time (equivalent to 1:30 local time). Conversely,
if is_dst=False
the time would be interpreted as 2:30 standard time
(equivalent to 3:30 local time).
make_naive
(value, timezone=None)¶Returns a naive datetime
that represents in
timezone
the same point in time as value
, value
being an
aware datetime
. If timezone
is set to None
, it
defaults to the current time zone.
django.utils.translation
¶Untuk obrolan lengkap pada penggunakan dari berikut lihat translation documentation.
gettext
(message)¶Menterjemahkan message
dan mengembalikan itu sebagai sebuah string.
pgettext
(context, message)¶Menterjemahkan message
memberikan contect
dan mengembalikan itu sebagai sebuah string.
Untuk informasi lebih, lihat Contextual markers.
gettext_lazy
(message)¶pgettext_lazy
(context, message)¶Same as the non-lazy versions above, but using lazy execution.
gettext_noop
(message)¶Marks strings for translation but doesn't translate them now. This can be used to store strings in global variables that should stay in the base language (because they might be used externally) and will be translated later.
ngettext
(singular, plural, number)¶Translates singular
and plural
and returns the appropriate string
based on number
.
npgettext
(context, singular, plural, number)¶Translates singular
and plural
and returns the appropriate string
based on number
and the context
.
ngettext_lazy
(singular, plural, number)¶npgettext_lazy
(context, singular, plural, number)¶Same as the non-lazy versions above, but using lazy execution.
activate
(language)¶Fetches the translation object for a given language and activates it as the current translation object for the current thread.
deactivate
()¶Deactivates the currently active translation object so that further _ calls will resolve against the default translation object, again.
deactivate_all
()¶Makes the active translation object a NullTranslations()
instance.
This is useful when we want delayed translations to appear as the original
string for some reason.
override
(language, deactivate=False)¶A Python context manager that uses
django.utils.translation.activate()
to fetch the translation object
for a given language, activates it as the translation object for the
current thread and reactivates the previous active language on exit.
Optionally, it can deactivate the temporary translation on exit with
django.utils.translation.deactivate()
if the deactivate
argument
is True
. If you pass None
as the language argument, a
NullTranslations()
instance is activated within the context.
override
is also usable as a function decorator.
check_for_language
(lang_code)¶Checks whether there is a global language file for the given language code (e.g. 'fr', 'pt_BR'). This is used to decide whether a user-provided language is available.
get_language
()¶Returns the currently selected language code. Returns None
if
translations are temporarily deactivated (by deactivate_all()
or
when None
is passed to override()
).
get_language_bidi
()¶Returns selected language's BiDi layout:
False
= tata letak kiri-ke-kananTrue
= tata letak kanan-ke-kiriget_language_from_request
(request, check_path=False)¶Analyzes the request to find what language the user wants the system to show. Only languages listed in settings.LANGUAGES are taken into account. If the user requests a sublanguage where we have a main language, we send out the main language.
If check_path
is True
, the function first checks the requested URL
for whether its path begins with a language code listed in the
LANGUAGES
setting.
get_supported_language_variant
(lang_code, strict=False)¶Returns lang_code
if it's in the LANGUAGES
setting, possibly
selecting a more generic variant. For example, 'es'
is returned if
lang_code
is 'es-ar'
and 'es'
is in LANGUAGES
but
'es-ar'
isn't.
If strict
is False
(the default), a country-specific variant may
be returned when neither the language code nor its generic variant is found.
For example, if only 'es-co'
is in LANGUAGES
, that's
returned for lang_code
s like 'es'
and 'es-ar'
. Those matches
aren't returned if strict=True
.
Memunculkan LookupError
jika tidak ditemukan apapun.
to_locale
(language)¶Mengubah nama basaha (en-us) menjadi nama lokal (en_US).
templatize
(src)¶Turns a Django template into something that is understood by xgettext
.
It does so by translating the Django translation tags into standard
gettext
function invocations.
LANGUAGE_SESSION_KEY
¶Session key under which the active language for the current session is stored.
Ditinggalkan sejak versi 3.0: The language won't be stored in the session in Django 4.0. Use the
LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME
cookie instead.
Apr 06, 2021