# Τεκμηρίωση του Django - 5.2.8

# Built-in Views

Several of Django’s built-in views are documented in Writing views as well as elsewhere in the documentation.

## Serving files in development

static.serve(request, path, document_root, show_indexes=False)

There may be files other than your project’s static assets that, for convenience, you’d like to have Django serve for you in local development. The `serve()` view can be used to serve any directory you give it. (This view is not hardened for production use and should be used only as a development aid; you should serve these files in production using a real front-end web server).

The most likely example is user-uploaded content in `MEDIA_ROOT`. `django.contrib.staticfiles` is intended for static assets and has no built-in handling for user-uploaded files, but you can have Django serve your `MEDIA_ROOT` by appending something like this to your URLconf:

    from django.conf import settings
    from django.urls import re_path
    from django.views.static import serve

    # ... the rest of your URLconf goes here ...

    if settings.DEBUG:
        urlpatterns += [
            re_path(
                r"^media/(?P<path>.*)$",
                serve,
                {
                    "document_root": settings.MEDIA_ROOT,
                },
            ),
        ]

Note, the snippet assumes your `MEDIA_URL` has a value of `'media/'`. This will call the `serve()` view, passing in the path from the URLconf and the (required) `document_root` parameter.

Since it can become a bit cumbersome to define this URL pattern, Django ships with a small URL helper function `static()` that takes as parameters the prefix such as `MEDIA_URL` and a dotted path to a view, such as `'django.views.static.serve'`. Any other function parameter will be transparently passed to the view.

## Error views

Django comes with a few views by default for handling HTTP errors. To override these with your own custom views, see Customizing error views.

### The 404 (page not found) view

defaults.page_not_found(request, exception, template_name='404.html')

When you raise `Http404` from within a view, Django loads a special view devoted to handling 404 errors. By default, it’s the view `django.views.defaults.page_not_found()`, which either produces a «Not Found» message or loads and renders the template `404.html` if you created it in your root template directory.

The default 404 view will pass two variables to the template: `request_path`, which is the URL that resulted in the error, and `exception`, which is a useful representation of the exception that triggered the view (e.g. containing any message passed to a specific `Http404` instance).

Three things to note about 404 views:

- The 404 view is also called if Django doesn’t find a match after checking every regular expression in the URLconf.

- The 404 view is passed a `RequestContext` and will have access to variables supplied by your template context processors (e.g. `MEDIA_URL`).

- If `DEBUG` is set to `True` (in your settings module), then your 404 view will never be used, and your URLconf will be displayed instead, with some debug information.

### The 500 (server error) view

defaults.server_error(request, template_name='500.html')

Similarly, Django executes special-case behavior in the case of runtime errors in view code. If a view results in an exception, Django will, by default, call the view `django.views.defaults.server_error`, which either produces a «Server Error» message or loads and renders the template `500.html` if you created it in your root template directory.

The default 500 view passes no variables to the `500.html` template and is rendered with an empty `Context` to lessen the chance of additional errors.

If `DEBUG` is set to `True` (in your settings module), then your 500 view will never be used, and the traceback will be displayed instead, with some debug information.

### The 403 (HTTP Forbidden) view

defaults.permission_denied(request, exception, template_name='403.html')

In the same vein as the 404 and 500 views, Django has a view to handle 403 Forbidden errors. If a view results in a 403 exception then Django will, by default, call the view `django.views.defaults.permission_denied`.

This view loads and renders the template `403.html` in your root template directory, or if this file does not exist, instead serves the text «403 Forbidden», as per RFC 9110 Section 15.5.4 (the HTTP 1.1 Specification). The template context contains `exception`, which is the string representation of the exception that triggered the view.

`django.views.defaults.permission_denied` is triggered by a `PermissionDenied` exception. To deny access in a view you can use code like this:

    from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied

    def edit(request, pk):
        if not request.user.is_staff:
            raise PermissionDenied
        # ...

### The 400 (bad request) view

defaults.bad_request(request, exception, template_name='400.html')

When a `SuspiciousOperation` is raised in Django, it may be handled by a component of Django (for example resetting the session data). If not specifically handled, Django will consider the current request a “bad request” instead of a server error.

`django.views.defaults.bad_request`, is otherwise very similar to the `server_error` view, but returns with the status code 400 indicating that the error condition was the result of a client operation. By default, nothing related to the exception that triggered the view is passed to the template context, as the exception message might contain sensitive information like filesystem paths.

`bad_request` views are also only used when `DEBUG` is `False`.