# documentación de Django - 5.2.8

# Model `_meta` API

class Options

The model `_meta` API is at the core of the Django ORM. It enables other parts of the system such as lookups, queries, forms, and the admin to understand the capabilities of each model. The API is accessible through the `_meta` attribute of each model class, which is an instance of an `django.db.models.options.Options` object.

Methods and attributes that it provides can be used to:

- Retrieve all field instances of a model

- Retrieve a single field instance of a model by name

- Retrieve all fields that compose the primary key of a model

## Field access API

### Retrieving a single field instance of a model by name

Options.get_field(field_name)

  Returns the field instance given a name of a field.

  `field_name` can be the name of a field on the model, a field on an abstract or inherited model, or a field defined on another model that points to the model. In the latter case, the `field_name` will be (in order of preference) the `related_query_name` set by the user, the `related_name` set by the user, or the name automatically generated by Django.

  `Hidden fields` cannot be retrieved by name.

  If a field with the given name is not found a `FieldDoesNotExist` exception will be raised.

      >>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User

      # A field on the model
      >>> User._meta.get_field("username")
      <django.db.models.fields.CharField: username>

      # A field from another model that has a relation with the current model
      >>> User._meta.get_field("logentry")
      <ManyToOneRel: admin.logentry>

      # A non existent field
      >>> User._meta.get_field("does_not_exist")
      Traceback (most recent call last):
          ...
      FieldDoesNotExist: User has no field named 'does_not_exist'

### Retrieving all field instances of a model

Options.get_fields(include_parents=True, include_hidden=False)

  Returns a tuple of fields associated with a model. `get_fields()` accepts two parameters that can be used to control which fields are returned:

  `include_parents`

    `True` by default. Recursively includes fields defined on parent classes. If set to `False`, `get_fields()` will only search for fields declared directly on the current model. Fields from models that directly inherit from abstract models or proxy classes are considered to be local, not on the parent.

  `include_hidden`

    `False` by default. If set to `True`, `get_fields()` will include `hidden fields`.

      >>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User
      >>> User._meta.get_fields()
      (<ManyToOneRel: admin.logentry>,
       <django.db.models.fields.AutoField: id>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: password>,
       <django.db.models.fields.DateTimeField: last_login>,
       <django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_superuser>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: username>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: first_name>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: last_name>,
       <django.db.models.fields.EmailField: email>,
       <django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_staff>,
       <django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_active>,
       <django.db.models.fields.DateTimeField: date_joined>,
       <django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField: groups>,
       <django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField: user_permissions>)

      # Also include hidden fields.
      >>> User._meta.get_fields(include_hidden=True)
      (<ManyToOneRel: auth.user_groups>,
       <ManyToOneRel: auth.user_user_permissions>,
       <ManyToOneRel: admin.logentry>,
       <django.db.models.fields.AutoField: id>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: password>,
       <django.db.models.fields.DateTimeField: last_login>,
       <django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_superuser>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: username>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: first_name>,
       <django.db.models.fields.CharField: last_name>,
       <django.db.models.fields.EmailField: email>,
       <django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_staff>,
       <django.db.models.fields.BooleanField: is_active>,
       <django.db.models.fields.DateTimeField: date_joined>,
       <django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField: groups>,
       <django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField: user_permissions>)

### Retrieving fields composing the primary key of a model

New in Django 5.2.

Options.pk_fields

  Returns a list of the fields composing the primary key of a model.

  When a `composite primary key` is defined on a model it will contain all the `fields` referenced by it.

      from django.db import models

      class TenantUser(models.Model):
          pk = models.CompositePrimaryKey("tenant_id", "id")
          tenant_id = models.IntegerField()
          id = models.IntegerField()

      >>> TenantUser._meta.pk_fields
      [
          <django.db.models.fields.IntegerField: tenant_id>,
          <django.db.models.fields.IntegerField: id>
      ]

  Otherwise it will contain the single field declared as the `primary key` of the model.

      >>> User._meta.pk_fields
      [<django.db.models.fields.AutoField: id>]