# Dokumentasi Django 5.2.8

# Mengelola berkas

This document describes Django's file access APIs for files such as those uploaded by a user. The lower level APIs are general enough that you could use them for other purposes. If you want to handle "static files" (JS, CSS, etc.), see Bagaimana mengelola berkas statik (misalnya gambar, JavaScript, CSS).

Secara awalan, Django menyimpan berkas-berkas secara lokal, menggunakan pengaturan `MEDIA_ROOT` dan `MEDIA_URL`. Contoh-contoh dibawah menganggap bahwa anda sedang menggunakan awalan-awalan ini.

However, Django provides ways to write custom file storage systems that allow you to completely customize where and how Django stores files. The second half of this document describes how these storage systems work.

## Menggunakan berkas dalam model

Ketika anda menggunakan `FileField` atau `ImageField`, Django menyediakan sekumpulan dari API anda dapat gunakan untuk berhbungan dengan berkas itu.

Pertimbangkan model berikut, menggunakan `ImageField` untuk menyimpan sebuah foto:

    from django.db import models

    class Car(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
        price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
        photo = models.ImageField(upload_to="cars")
        specs = models.FileField(upload_to="specs")

Any `Car` instance will have a `photo` attribute that you can use to get at the details of the attached photo:

    >>> car = Car.objects.get(name="57 Chevy")
    >>> car.photo
    <ImageFieldFile: cars/chevy.jpg>
    >>> car.photo.name
    'cars/chevy.jpg'
    >>> car.photo.path
    '/media/cars/chevy.jpg'
    >>> car.photo.url
    'https://media.example.com/cars/chevy.jpg'

Obyek ini -- `car.photo` dalam contoh -- adalah obyek `File`, yang berarti itu mempunyai semua metode-metode dan atribut-atribut digambarkan dibawah.

Catatan

Berkas disimpan sebagai bagian dari menyimpan model dalam basisdata, jadi nama berkas sebenarnya digunakan pada cakram tidak dapat bergantung setelah model disimpan.

For example, you can change the file name by setting the file's `name` to a path relative to the file storage's location (`MEDIA_ROOT` if you are using the default `FileSystemStorage`):

    >>> import os
    >>> from django.conf import settings
    >>> initial_path = car.photo.path
    >>> car.photo.name = "cars/chevy_ii.jpg"
    >>> new_path = os.path.join(settings.MEDIA_ROOT, car.photo.name)
    >>> # Move the file on the filesystem
    >>> os.rename(initial_path, new_path)
    >>> car.save()
    >>> car.photo.path
    '/media/cars/chevy_ii.jpg'
    >>> car.photo.path == new_path
    True

To save an existing file on disk to a `FileField`:

    >>> from pathlib import Path
    >>> from django.core.files import File
    >>> path = Path("/some/external/specs.pdf")
    >>> car = Car.objects.get(name="57 Chevy")
    >>> with path.open(mode="rb") as f:
    ...     car.specs = File(f, name=path.name)
    ...     car.save()
    ...

Catatan

While `ImageField` non-image data attributes, such as `height`, `width`, and `size` are available on the instance, the underlying image data cannot be used without reopening the image. For example:

    >>> from PIL import Image
    >>> car = Car.objects.get(name="57 Chevy")
    >>> car.photo.width
    191
    >>> car.photo.height
    287
    >>> image = Image.open(car.photo)
    # Raises ValueError: seek of closed file.
    >>> car.photo.open()
    <ImageFieldFile: cars/chevy.jpg>
    >>> image = Image.open(car.photo)
    >>> image
    <PIL.JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile image mode=RGB size=191x287 at 0x7F99A94E9048>

## Obyek `File`

Di bagian dalam, Django menggunakan sebuah instance `django.core.files.File` kapanpun itu butuh untuk mewakili sebuah berkas.

Most of the time you'll use a `File` that Django's given you (i.e. a file attached to a model as above, or perhaps an uploaded file).

If you need to construct a `File` yourself, the easiest way is to create one using a Python built-in `file` object:

    >>> from django.core.files import File

    # Create a Python file object using open()
    >>> f = open("/path/to/hello.world", "w")
    >>> myfile = File(f)

Sekarang anda dapat menggunakan atribut-atribut terdokumentasi apapun dan metode-metode dari kelas `File`.

Be aware that files created in this way are not automatically closed. The following approach may be used to close files automatically:

    >>> from django.core.files import File

    # Create a Python file object using open() and the with statement
    >>> with open("/path/to/hello.world", "w") as f:
    ...     myfile = File(f)
    ...     myfile.write("Hello World")
    ...
    >>> myfile.closed
    True
    >>> f.closed
    True

Closing files is especially important when accessing file fields in a loop over a large number of objects. If files are not manually closed after accessing them, the risk of running out of file descriptors may arise. This may lead to the following error:

    OSError: [Errno 24] Too many open files

## Penyimpanan berkas

Behind the scenes, Django delegates decisions about how and where to store files to a file storage system. This is the object that actually understands things like file systems, opening and reading files, etc.

Django's default file storage is `'``django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage``'`. If you don't explicitly provide a storage system in the `default` key of the `STORAGES` setting, this is the one that will be used.

Lihat dibawah untuk rincian dari sistem penyimpanan berkas awalan siap-pakai, dan lihat Bagaimana menulis kelas penyimpanan disesuaikan untuk informasi pada menulis sistem penyimpanan berkas anda sendiri.

### Obyek penyimpanan

Though most of the time you'll want to use a `File` object (which delegates to the proper storage for that file), you can use file storage systems directly. You can create an instance of some custom file storage class, or -- often more useful -- you can use the global default storage system:

    >>> from django.core.files.base import ContentFile
    >>> from django.core.files.storage import default_storage

    >>> path = default_storage.save("path/to/file", ContentFile(b"new content"))
    >>> path
    'path/to/file'

    >>> default_storage.size(path)
    11
    >>> default_storage.open(path).read()
    b'new content'

    >>> default_storage.delete(path)
    >>> default_storage.exists(path)
    False

Lihat API penyimpanan berkas untuk API penyimpanan berkas.

### Kelas penyimpanan sistem berkas siap-pakai

Django dibekali dengan kelas `django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage` yang menerapkan penyimpanan berkas sistem berkas lokal.

Sebagai contoh, kode berikut akan menyimpan berkas-berkas terunggah dibawah `/media/photos` meskipun dari apa pengaturan `MEDIA_ROOT`:

    from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
    from django.db import models

    fs = FileSystemStorage(location="/media/photos")

    class Car(models.Model):
        ...
        photo = models.ImageField(storage=fs)

Custom storage systems 1 bekerja cara sama: anda dapat melewatkan mereka sebagai argumen `storage` pada sebuah `FileField`.

### Using a callable

You can use a callable as the `storage` parameter for `FileField` or `ImageField`. This allows you to modify the used storage at runtime, selecting different storages for different environments, for example.

Your callable will be evaluated when your models classes are loaded, and must return an instance of `Storage`.

Sebagai contoh:

    from django.conf import settings
    from django.db import models
    from .storages import MyLocalStorage, MyRemoteStorage

    def select_storage():
        return MyLocalStorage() if settings.DEBUG else MyRemoteStorage()

    class MyModel(models.Model):
        my_file = models.FileField(storage=select_storage)

In order to set a storage defined in the `STORAGES` setting you can use `storages`:

    from django.core.files.storage import storages

    def select_storage():
        return storages["mystorage"]

    class MyModel(models.Model):
        upload = models.FileField(storage=select_storage)

Because the callable is evaluated when your models classes are loaded, if you need to override the `STORAGES` setting in tests, you should use a `LazyObject` subclass instead:

    from django.core.files.storage import storages
    from django.utils.functional import LazyObject

    class OtherStorage(LazyObject):
        def _setup(self):
            self._wrapped = storages["mystorage"]

    my_storage = OtherStorage()

    class MyModel(models.Model):
        upload = models.FileField(storage=my_storage)

The `LazyObject` delays the evaluation of the storage until it's actually needed, allowing `override_settings()` to take effect:

    @override_settings(
        STORAGES={
            "mystorage": {
                "BACKEND": "django.core.files.storage.InMemoryStorage",
            }
        }
    )
    def test_storage():
        model = MyModel()
        assert isinstance(model.upload.storage, InMemoryStorage)