# Dokumentasi Django 5.2.8

# Middleware

Middleware is a framework of hooks into Django's request/response processing. It's a light, low-level "plugin" system for globally altering Django's input or output.

Each middleware component is responsible for doing some specific function. For example, Django includes a middleware component, `AuthenticationMiddleware`, that associates users with requests using sessions.

This document explains how middleware works, how you activate middleware, and how to write your own middleware. Django ships with some built-in middleware you can use right out of the box. They're documented in the built-in middleware reference.

## Menulis middleware anda sendiri

Pabrik middleware adalah sebuah callable yang mengambil callable `get_response` dan mengembalikan middleware. Middleware adalah callable yang mengambil permintaan dan mengembalikan tanggapan, seperti tampilan.

Sebuah middleware dapat ditulis sebagai sebuah fungsi yang terlihat seperti ini:

    def simple_middleware(get_response):
        # One-time configuration and initialization.

        def middleware(request):
            # Code to be executed for each request before
            # the view (and later middleware) are called.

            response = get_response(request)

            # Code to be executed for each request/response after
            # the view is called.

            return response

        return middleware

Atau itu dapat ditulis sebagai sebuah kelas yang instancenya callable, seperti ini:

    class SimpleMiddleware:
        def __init__(self, get_response):
            self.get_response = get_response
            # One-time configuration and initialization.

        def __call__(self, request):
            # Code to be executed for each request before
            # the view (and later middleware) are called.

            response = self.get_response(request)

            # Code to be executed for each request/response after
            # the view is called.

            return response

Callable `get_response` disediakan oleh Django mungkin tampilan sebenarnya (jika ini adalah middleware terdaftar terakhir) atau itu mungkin menjadi middleware selanjutnya di rantai. Middleware sekarang tidak butuh mengetahui atau peduli apa sebenarnya itu, cukup bahwa itu mewakili apapun datang selanjutnya.

Diatas adalah sedikit penyerdahanaan -- callable `get_response` untuk middleware akhir dalam rantai tidak akan berupa tampilan sebenarnya tetapi daripada sebuah metode pembungkus dari penangan yang menangani dari memberlakukan view middleware 1, memanggil tampilan dengan argumen-argumen URL sesuai, dan memberlakukan middleware template-response 2 dan exception 3.

Middleware can either support only synchronous Python (the default), only asynchronous Python, or both. See Dukungan asinkronus for details of how to advertise what you support, and know what kind of request you are getting.

Middleware dapat tinggal dimanapun pada jalur Python anda.

### `__init__(get_response)`

Middleware factories must accept a `get_response` argument. You can also initialize some global state for the middleware. Keep in mind a couple of caveats:

- Django initializes your middleware with only the `get_response` argument, so you can't define `__init__()` as requiring any other arguments.

- Unlike the `__call__()` method which is called once per request, `__init__()` is called only once, when the web server starts.

### Menandai middleware sebagai tidak digunakan

It's sometimes useful to determine at startup time whether a piece of middleware should be used. In these cases, your middleware's `__init__()` method may raise `MiddlewareNotUsed`. Django will then remove that middleware from the middleware process and log a debug message to the django.request logger when `DEBUG` is `True`.

## Mengaktivasi middleware

Untuk mengaktifkan komponen middleware, tambah itu ke list `MIDDLEWARE` dalam pengaturan Django anda.

In `MIDDLEWARE`, each middleware component is represented by a string: the full Python path to the middleware factory's class or function name. For example, here's the default value created by `django-admin startproject`:

    MIDDLEWARE = [
        "django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware",
        "django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware",
        "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
        "django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware",
        "django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware",
        "django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware",
        "django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware",
    ]

A Django installation doesn't require any middleware — `MIDDLEWARE` can be empty, if you'd like — but it's strongly suggested that you at least use `CommonMiddleware`.

The order in `MIDDLEWARE` matters because a middleware can depend on other middleware. For instance, `AuthenticationMiddleware` stores the authenticated user in the session; therefore, it must run after `SessionMiddleware`. See Pengurutan middleware for some common hints about ordering of Django middleware classes.

## Urutan middleware dan pelapisan

During the request phase, before calling the view, Django applies middleware in the order it's defined in `MIDDLEWARE`, top-down.

You can think of it like an onion: each middleware class is a "layer" that wraps the view, which is in the core of the onion. If the request passes through all the layers of the onion (each one calls `get_response` to pass the request in to the next layer), all the way to the view at the core, the response will then pass through every layer (in reverse order) on the way back out.

If one of the layers decides to short-circuit and return a response without ever calling its `get_response`, none of the layers of the onion inside that layer (including the view) will see the request or the response. The response will only return through the same layers that the request passed in through.

## Other middleware hooks

Besides the basic request/response middleware pattern described earlier, you can add three other special methods to class-based middleware:

### `process_view()`

process_view(request, view_func, view_args, view_kwargs)

`request` is an `HttpRequest` object. `view_func` is the Python function that Django is about to use. (It's the actual function object, not the name of the function as a string.) `view_args` is a list of positional arguments that will be passed to the view, and `view_kwargs` is a dictionary of keyword arguments that will be passed to the view. Neither `view_args` nor `view_kwargs` include the first view argument (`request`).

`process_view()` dipanggil sebelum Django memanggil tampilan.

It should return either `None` or an `HttpResponse` object. If it returns `None`, Django will continue processing this request, executing any other `process_view()` middleware and, then, the appropriate view. If it returns an `HttpResponse` object, Django won't bother calling the appropriate view; it'll apply response middleware to that `HttpResponse` and return the result.

Catatan

Accessing `request.POST` inside middleware before the view runs or in `process_view()` will prevent any view running after the middleware from being able to modify the upload handlers for the request, and should normally be avoided.

The `CsrfViewMiddleware` class can be considered an exception, as it provides the `csrf_exempt()` and `csrf_protect()` decorators which allow views to explicitly control at what point the CSRF validation should occur.

### `process_exception()`

process_exception(request, exception)

`request` adalah sebuah objek `HttpRequest`. `exception` adalah sebuah objek `Exception` dimunculkan oleh fungsi tampilan.

Django calls `process_exception()` when a view raises an exception. `process_exception()` should return either `None` or an `HttpResponse` object. If it returns an `HttpResponse` object, the template response and response middleware will be applied and the resulting response returned to the browser. Otherwise, default exception handling kicks in.

Again, middleware are run in reverse order during the response phase, which includes `process_exception`. If an exception middleware returns a response, the `process_exception` methods of the middleware classes above that middleware won't be called at all.

### `process_template_response()`

process_template_response(request, response)

`request` is an `HttpRequest` object. `response` is the `TemplateResponse` object (or equivalent) returned by a Django view or by a middleware.

`process_template_response()` is called just after the view has finished executing, if the response instance has a `render()` method, indicating that it is a `TemplateResponse` or equivalent.

It must return a response object that implements a `render` method. It could alter the given `response` by changing `response.template_name` and `response.context_data`, or it could create and return a brand-new `TemplateResponse` or equivalent.

You don't need to explicitly render responses -- responses will be automatically rendered once all template response middleware has been called.

Middleware are run in reverse order during the response phase, which includes `process_template_response()`.

## Berurusan dengan aliran tanggapan

Unlike `HttpResponse`, `StreamingHttpResponse` does not have a `content` attribute. As a result, middleware can no longer assume that all responses will have a `content` attribute. If they need access to the content, they must test for streaming responses and adjust their behavior accordingly:

    if response.streaming:
        response.streaming_content = wrap_streaming_content(response.streaming_content)
    else:
        response.content = alter_content(response.content)

Catatan

`streaming_content` should be assumed to be too large to hold in memory. Response middleware may wrap it in a new generator, but must not consume it. Wrapping is typically implemented as follows:

    def wrap_streaming_content(content):
        for chunk in content:
            yield alter_content(chunk)

`StreamingHttpResponse` allows both synchronous and asynchronous iterators. The wrapping function must match. Check `StreamingHttpResponse.is_async` if your middleware needs to support both types of iterator.

## Penanganan pengecualian

Django automatically converts exceptions raised by the view or by middleware into an appropriate HTTP response with an error status code. Certain exceptions are converted to 4xx status codes, while an unknown exception is converted to a 500 status code.

Perubahan ini mengambil tempat sebelum dan setelah setiap middleware (anda dapat berpikir itu seperti film tipis dalam diantara setiap lapisan dari onion), sehingga setiap middleware dapat selalu bergantung pada mendapatkan sejenis tanggapan HTTP dari memanggil callable `get_response` nya. Middleware tidak butuh khawatir tentang membungkus panggilan mereka pada `get_response` dalam sebuah `try/except` dan menangani sebuah pengecualian yang mungkin dimunculkan ole middleware akhir atau tampilan. Bahkan jika middleware berikutnya dalam rantai memunculkan sebuah pengecualian `Http404`, sebagai contoh, middleware anda tidak melihat pengecualian itu; bahkan itu akan mendapatkan sebuah obyek `HttpResponse` dengan sebuah `status_code` dari 404.

You can set `DEBUG_PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS` to `True` to skip this conversion and propagate exceptions upward.

## Dukungan asinkronus

Middleware can support any combination of synchronous and asynchronous requests. Django will adapt requests to fit the middleware's requirements if it cannot support both, but at a performance penalty.

By default, Django assumes that your middleware is capable of handling only synchronous requests. To change these assumptions, set the following attributes on your middleware factory function or class:

- `sync_capable` is a boolean indicating if the middleware can handle synchronous requests. Defaults to `True`.

- `async_capable` is a boolean indicating if the middleware can handle asynchronous requests. Defaults to `False`.

If your middleware has both `sync_capable = True` and `async_capable = True`, then Django will pass it the request without converting it. In this case, you can work out if your middleware will receive async requests by checking if the `get_response` object you are passed is a coroutine function, using `asgiref.sync.iscoroutinefunction`.

The `django.utils.decorators` module contains `sync_only_middleware()`, `async_only_middleware()`, and `sync_and_async_middleware()` decorators that allow you to apply these flags to middleware factory functions.

The returned callable must match the sync or async nature of the `get_response` method. If you have an asynchronous `get_response`, you must return a coroutine function (`async def`).

`process_view`, `process_template_response` and `process_exception` methods, if they are provided, should also be adapted to match the sync/async mode. However, Django will individually adapt them as required if you do not, at an additional performance penalty.

Ini adalah sebuah contoh bagaimana membuat sebuah fungsi middleware yang mendukung keduanya:

    from asgiref.sync import iscoroutinefunction
    from django.utils.decorators import sync_and_async_middleware

    @sync_and_async_middleware
    def simple_middleware(get_response):
        # One-time configuration and initialization goes here.
        if iscoroutinefunction(get_response):

            async def middleware(request):
                # Do something here!
                response = await get_response(request)
                return response

        else:

            def middleware(request):
                # Do something here!
                response = get_response(request)
                return response

        return middleware

Catatan

If you declare a hybrid middleware that supports both synchronous and asynchronous calls, the kind of call you get may not match the underlying view. Django will optimize the middleware call stack to have as few sync/async transitions as possible.

Thus, even if you are wrapping an async view, you may be called in sync mode if there is other, synchronous middleware between you and the view.

When using an asynchronous class-based middleware, you must ensure that instances are correctly marked as coroutine functions:

    from asgiref.sync import iscoroutinefunction, markcoroutinefunction

    class AsyncMiddleware:
        async_capable = True
        sync_capable = False

        def __init__(self, get_response):
            self.get_response = get_response
            if iscoroutinefunction(self.get_response):
                markcoroutinefunction(self)

        async def __call__(self, request):
            response = await self.get_response(request)
            # Some logic ...
            return response

## Meningkatkan middleware pre-Django 1.10-style

class django.utils.deprecation.MiddlewareMixin

Django provides `django.utils.deprecation.MiddlewareMixin` to ease creating middleware classes that are compatible with both `MIDDLEWARE` and the old `MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES`, and support synchronous and asynchronous requests. All middleware classes included with Django are compatible with both settings.

The mixin provides an `__init__()` method that requires a `get_response` argument and stores it in `self.get_response`.

Metode `__call__()`:

1. Memanggil `self.process_request(request)` (jika ditentukan).

2. Calls `self.get_response(request)` to get the response from later middleware and the view.

3. Memanggil `self.process_response(request, response)` (jika ditentukan).

4. Mengembalikan tanggapan

If used with `MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES`, the `__call__()` method will never be used; Django calls `process_request()` and `process_response()` directly.

In most cases, inheriting from this mixin will be sufficient to make an old-style middleware compatible with the new system with sufficient backwards-compatibility. The new short-circuiting semantics will be harmless or even beneficial to the existing middleware. In a few cases, a middleware class may need some changes to adjust to the new semantics.

Ada perbedaan perilaku diantara menggunakan `MIDDLEWARE` dan `MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES`:

1. Under `MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES`, every middleware will always have its `process_response` method called, even if an earlier middleware short-circuited by returning a response from its `process_request` method. Under `MIDDLEWARE`, middleware behaves more like an onion: the layers that a response goes through on the way out are the same layers that saw the request on the way in. If a middleware short-circuits, only that middleware and the ones before it in `MIDDLEWARE` will see the response.

2. Under `MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES`, `process_exception` is applied to exceptions raised from a middleware `process_request` method. Under `MIDDLEWARE`, `process_exception` applies only to exceptions raised from the view (or from the `render` method of a `TemplateResponse`). Exceptions raised from a middleware are converted to the appropriate HTTP response and then passed to the next middleware.

3. Under `MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES`, if a `process_response` method raises an exception, the `process_response` methods of all earlier middleware are skipped and a `500 Internal Server Error` HTTP response is always returned (even if the exception raised was e.g. an `Http404`). Under `MIDDLEWARE`, an exception raised from a middleware will immediately be converted to the appropriate HTTP response, and then the next middleware in line will see that response. Middleware are never skipped due to a middleware raising an exception.