# Documentazione Django 6.0.7

# Django 5.0 release notes

December 4, 2023

Welcome to Django 5.0!

These release notes cover the new features, as well as some backwards incompatible changes you’ll want to be aware of when upgrading from Django 4.2 or earlier. We’ve begun the deprecation process for some features.

See the Come aggiornare Django ad una nuova versione guide if you’re updating an existing project.

## Compatibilità con Python

Django 5.0 supports Python 3.10, 3.11, and 3.12. We highly recommend and only officially support the latest release of each series.

The Django 4.2.x series is the last to support Python 3.8 and 3.9.

## Third-party library support for older version of Django

Following the release of Django 5.0, we suggest that third-party app authors drop support for all versions of Django prior to 4.2. At that time, you should be able to run your package’s tests using `python -Wd` so that deprecation warnings appear. After making the deprecation warning fixes, your app should be compatible with Django 5.0.

## What’s new in Django 5.0

### Facet filters in the admin

Facet counts are now shown for applied filters in the admin changelist when toggled on via the UI. This behavior can be changed via the new `ModelAdmin.show_facets` attribute. For more information see Facets.

### Simplified templates for form field rendering

Django 5.0 introduces the concept of a field group, and field group templates. This simplifies rendering of the related elements of a Django form field such as its label, widget, help text, and errors.

For example, the template below:

    <form>
    ...
    <div>
      {{ form.name.label_tag }}
      {% if form.name.help_text %}
        <div class="helptext" id="{{ form.name.auto_id }}_helptext">
          {{ form.name.help_text|safe }}
        </div>
      {% endif %}
      {{ form.name.errors }}
      {{ form.name }}
      <div class="row">
        <div class="col">
          {{ form.email.label_tag }}
          {% if form.email.help_text %}
            <div class="helptext" id="{{ form.email.auto_id }}_helptext">
              {{ form.email.help_text|safe }}
            </div>
          {% endif %}
          {{ form.email.errors }}
          {{ form.email }}
        </div>
        <div class="col">
          {{ form.password.label_tag }}
          {% if form.password.help_text %}
            <div class="helptext" id="{{ form.password.auto_id }}_helptext">
              {{ form.password.help_text|safe }}
            </div>
          {% endif %}
          {{ form.password.errors }}
          {{ form.password }}
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    ...
    </form>

Can now be simplified to:

    <form>
    ...
    <div>
      {{ form.name.as_field_group }}
      <div class="row">
        <div class="col">{{ form.email.as_field_group }}</div>
        <div class="col">{{ form.password.as_field_group }}</div>
      </div>
    </div>
    ...
    </form>

`as_field_group()` renders fields with the `"django/forms/field.html"` template by default and can be customized on a per-project, per-field, or per-request basis. See Reusable field group templates.

### Database-computed default values

The new `Field.db_default` parameter sets a database-computed default value. For example:

    from django.db import models
    from django.db.models.functions import Now, Pi

    class MyModel(models.Model):
        age = models.IntegerField(db_default=18)
        created = models.DateTimeField(db_default=Now())
        circumference = models.FloatField(db_default=2 * Pi())

### Database generated model field

The new `GeneratedField` allows creation of database generated columns. This field can be used on all supported database backends to create a field that is always computed from other fields. For example:

    from django.db import models
    from django.db.models import F

    class Square(models.Model):
        side = models.IntegerField()
        area = models.GeneratedField(
            expression=F("side") * F("side"),
            output_field=models.BigIntegerField(),
            db_persist=True,
        )

### More options for declaring field choices

`Field.choices` (for model fields) and `ChoiceField.choices` (for form fields) allow for more flexibility when declaring their values. In previous versions of Django, `choices` should either be a list of 2-tuples, or an Enumeration types subclass, but the latter required accessing the `.choices` attribute to provide the values in the expected form:

    from django.db import models

    Medal = models.TextChoices("Medal", "GOLD SILVER BRONZE")

    SPORT_CHOICES = [
        ("Martial Arts", [("judo", "Judo"), ("karate", "Karate")]),
        ("Racket", [("badminton", "Badminton"), ("tennis", "Tennis")]),
        ("unknown", "Unknown"),
    ]

    class Winner(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(...)
        medal = models.CharField(..., choices=Medal.choices)
        sport = models.CharField(..., choices=SPORT_CHOICES)

Django 5.0 adds support for accepting a mapping or a callable instead of an iterable, and also no longer requires `.choices` to be used directly to expand enumeration types:

    from django.db import models

    Medal = models.TextChoices("Medal", "GOLD SILVER BRONZE")

    SPORT_CHOICES = {  # Using a mapping instead of a list of 2-tuples.
        "Martial Arts": {"judo": "Judo", "karate": "Karate"},
        "Racket": {"badminton": "Badminton", "tennis": "Tennis"},
        "unknown": "Unknown",
    }

    def get_scores():
        return [(i, str(i)) for i in range(10)]

    class Winner(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(...)
        medal = models.CharField(..., choices=Medal)  # Using `.choices` not required.
        sport = models.CharField(..., choices=SPORT_CHOICES)
        score = models.IntegerField(choices=get_scores)  # A callable is allowed.

Under the hood the provided `choices` are normalized into a list of 2-tuples as the canonical form whenever the `choices` value is updated. For more information, please check the model field reference on choices.

### Minor features

#### `django.contrib.admin`

- The new `AdminSite.get_log_entries()` method allows customizing the queryset for the site’s listed log entries.

- The `django.contrib.admin.AllValuesFieldListFilter`, `ChoicesFieldListFilter`, `RelatedFieldListFilter`, and `RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter` admin filters now handle multi-valued query parameters.

- `XRegExp` is upgraded from version 3.2.0 to 5.1.1.

- The new `AdminSite.get_model_admin()` method returns an admin class for the given model class.

- Properties in `ModelAdmin.list_display` now support `boolean` attribute.

- jQuery is upgraded from version 3.6.4 to 3.7.1.

#### `django.contrib.auth`

- The default iteration count for the PBKDF2 password hasher is increased from 600,000 to 720,000.

- The new asynchronous functions are now provided, using an `a` prefix: `django.contrib.auth.aauthenticate()`, `aget_user()`, `alogin()`, `alogout()`, and `aupdate_session_auth_hash()`.

- `AuthenticationMiddleware` now adds an `HttpRequest.auser()` asynchronous method that returns the currently logged-in user.

- The new `django.contrib.auth.hashers.acheck_password()` asynchronous function and `AbstractBaseUser.acheck_password()` method allow asynchronous checking of user passwords.

#### `django.contrib.contenttypes`

- `QuerySet.prefetch_related()` now supports prefetching `GenericForeignKey` with non-homogeneous set of results.

#### `django.contrib.gis`

- The new `ClosestPoint()` function returns a 2-dimensional point on the geometry that is closest to another geometry.

- GIS aggregates now support the `filter` argument.

- Support for GDAL 3.7 and GEOS 3.12 is added.

- The new `GEOSGeometry.equals_identical()` method allows point-wise equivalence checking of geometries.

#### `django.contrib.messages`

- The new `MessagesTestMixin.assertMessages()` assertion method allows testing `messages` added to a `response`.

#### `django.contrib.postgres`

- The new `violation_error_code` attribute of `ExclusionConstraint` allows customizing the `code` of `ValidationError` raised during model validation.

#### Asynchronous views

- Under ASGI, `http.disconnect` events are now handled. This allows views to perform any necessary cleanup if a client disconnects before the response is generated. See Handling disconnects for more details.

#### Decorators

- The following decorators now support wrapping asynchronous view functions:

  - `cache_control()`

  - `never_cache()`

  - `no_append_slash()`

  - `csrf_exempt()`

  - `csrf_protect()`

  - `ensure_csrf_cookie()`

  - `requires_csrf_token()`

  - `sensitive_variables()`

  - `sensitive_post_parameters()`

  - `gzip_page()`

  - `condition()`

  - `conditional_page()`

  - `etag()`

  - `last_modified()`

  - `require_http_methods()`

  - `require_GET()`

  - `require_POST()`

  - `require_safe()`

  - `vary_on_cookie()`

  - `vary_on_headers()`

  - `xframe_options_deny()`

  - `xframe_options_sameorigin()`

  - `xframe_options_exempt()`

#### Error Reporting

- `sensitive_variables()` and `sensitive_post_parameters()` can now be used with asynchronous functions.

#### File Storage

- `File.open()` now passes all positional (`*args`) and keyword arguments (`**kwargs`) to Python’s built-in `open()`.

#### I Form

- The new `assume_scheme` argument for `URLField` allows specifying a default URL scheme.

- In order to improve accessibility, the following changes are made:

  - Form fields now include the `aria-describedby` HTML attribute to enable screen readers to associate form fields with their help text.

  - Invalid form fields now include the `aria-invalid="true"` HTML attribute.

#### Internationalization

- Support and translations for the Uyghur language are now available.

#### Migrations

- Serialization of functions decorated with `functools.cache()` or `functools.lru_cache()` is now supported without the need to write a custom serializer.

#### Modelli

- The new `create_defaults` argument of `QuerySet.update_or_create()` and `QuerySet.aupdate_or_create()` methods allows specifying a different field values for the create operation.

- The new `violation_error_code` attribute of `BaseConstraint`, `CheckConstraint`, and `UniqueConstraint` allows customizing the `code` of `ValidationError` raised during model validation.

- The force_insert argument of `Model.save()` now allows specifying a tuple of parent classes that must be forced to be inserted.

- `QuerySet.bulk_create()` and `QuerySet.abulk_create()` methods now set the primary key on each model instance when the `update_conflicts` parameter is enabled (if the database supports it).

- The new `UniqueConstraint.nulls_distinct` attribute allows customizing the treatment of `NULL` values on PostgreSQL 15+.

- The new `aget_object_or_404()` and `aget_list_or_404()` asynchronous shortcuts allow asynchronous getting objects.

- The new `aprefetch_related_objects()` function allows asynchronous prefetching of model instances.

- `QuerySet.aiterator()` now supports previous calls to `prefetch_related()`.

- On MariaDB 10.7+, `UUIDField` is now created as `UUID` column rather than `CHAR(32)` column. See the migration guide above for more details on Migrating existing UUIDField on MariaDB 10.7+.

- Django now supports oracledb version 1.3.2 or higher. Support for `cx_Oracle` is deprecated as of this release and will be removed in Django 6.0.

#### Pagination

- The new `django.core.paginator.Paginator.error_messages` argument allows customizing the error messages raised by `Paginator.page()`.

#### Signals

- The new `Signal.asend()` and `Signal.asend_robust()` methods allow asynchronous signal dispatch. Signal receivers may be synchronous or asynchronous, and will be automatically adapted to the correct calling style.

#### Template

- The new `escapeseq` template filter applies `escape` to each element of a sequence.

#### Tests

- `Client` and `AsyncClient` now provide asynchronous methods, using an `a` prefix: `asession()`, `alogin()`, `aforce_login()`, and `alogout()`.

- `AsyncClient` now supports the `follow` parameter.

- `DiscoverRunner` now allows showing the duration of the slowest tests using the `test --durations` option (available on Python 3.12+).

#### Validators

- The new `offset` argument of `StepValueValidator` allows specifying an offset for valid values.

## Backwards incompatible changes in 5.0

### Database backend API

This section describes changes that may be needed in third-party database backends.

- `DatabaseFeatures.supports_expression_defaults` should be set to `False` if the database doesn’t support using database functions as defaults.

- `DatabaseFeatures.supports_default_keyword_in_insert` should be set to `False` if the database doesn’t support the `DEFAULT` keyword in `INSERT` queries.

- `DatabaseFeatures.supports_default_keyword_in_bulk_insert` should be set to `False` if the database doesn’t support the `DEFAULT` keyword in bulk `INSERT` queries.

### `django.contrib.gis`

- Support for GDAL 2.2 and 2.3 is removed.

- Support for GEOS 3.6 and 3.7 is removed.

### `django.contrib.sitemaps`

- The `django.contrib.sitemaps.ping_google()` function and the `ping_google` management command are removed as the Google Sitemaps ping endpoint is deprecated and will be removed in January 2024.

- The `django.contrib.sitemaps.SitemapNotFound` exception class is removed.

### Dropped support for MySQL < 8.0.11

Support for pre-releases of MySQL 8.0.x series is removed. Django 5.0 supports MySQL 8.0.11 and higher.

### Using `create_defaults__exact` may now be required with `QuerySet.update_or_create()`

`QuerySet.update_or_create()` now supports the parameter `create_defaults`. As a consequence, any models that have a field named `create_defaults` that are used with an `update_or_create()` should specify the field in the lookup with `create_defaults__exact`.

### Migrating existing `UUIDField` on MariaDB 10.7+

On MariaDB 10.7+, `UUIDField` is now created as `UUID` column rather than `CHAR(32)` column. As a consequence, any `UUIDField` created in Django < 5.0 should be replaced with a `UUIDField` subclass backed by `CHAR(32)`:

    class Char32UUIDField(models.UUIDField):
        def db_type(self, connection):
            return "char(32)"

        def get_db_prep_value(self, value, connection, prepared=False):
            value = super().get_db_prep_value(value, connection, prepared)
            if value is not None:
                value = value.hex
            return value

Per esempio:

    class MyModel(models.Model):
        uuid = models.UUIDField(primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4)

Should become:

    class Char32UUIDField(models.UUIDField): ...

    class MyModel(models.Model):
        uuid = Char32UUIDField(primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4)

Running the `makemigrations` command will generate a migration containing a no-op `AlterField` operation.

### Miscellanea

- The `instance` argument of the undocumented `BaseModelFormSet.save_existing()` method is renamed to `obj`.

- The undocumented `django.contrib.admin.helpers.checkbox` is removed.

- Integer fields are now validated as 64-bit integers on SQLite to match the behavior of `sqlite3`.

- The undocumented `Query.annotation_select_mask` attribute is changed from a set of strings to an ordered list of strings.

- `ImageField.update_dimension_fields()` is no longer called on the `post_init` signal if `width_field` and `height_field` are not set.

- `Now` database function now uses `LOCALTIMESTAMP` instead of `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP` on Oracle.

- `AdminSite.site_header` is now rendered in a `<div>` tag instead of `<h1>`. Screen reader users rely on heading elements for navigation within a page. Having two `<h1>` elements was confusing and the site header wasn’t helpful as it is repeated on all pages.

- In order to improve accessibility, the admin’s main content area and header content area are now rendered in a `<main>` and `<header>` tag instead of `<div>`.

- On databases without native support for the SQL `XOR` operator, `^` as the exclusive or (`XOR`) operator now returns rows that are matched by an odd number of operands rather than exactly one operand. This is consistent with the behavior of MySQL, MariaDB, and Python.

- The minimum supported version of `asgiref` is increased from 3.6.0 to 3.7.0.

- The minimum supported version of `selenium` is increased from 3.8.0 to 4.8.0.

- The `AlreadyRegistered` and `NotRegistered` exceptions are moved from `django.contrib.admin.sites` to `django.contrib.admin.exceptions`.

- The minimum supported version of SQLite is increased from 3.21.0 to 3.27.0.

- Support for `cx_Oracle` < 8.3 is removed.

- Executing SQL queries before the app registry has been fully populated now raises `RuntimeWarning`.

- `BadRequest` is raised for non-UTF-8 encoded requests with the application/x-www-form-urlencoded content type. See RFC 1866 for more details.

- The minimum supported version of `colorama` is increased to 0.4.6.

- The minimum supported version of `docutils` is increased to 0.19.

- Filtering querysets against overflowing integer values now always returns an empty queryset. As a consequence, you may need to use `ExpressionWrapper()` to explicitly wrap arithmetic against integer fields in such cases.

## Features deprecated in 5.0

### Miscellanea

- The `DjangoDivFormRenderer` and `Jinja2DivFormRenderer` transitional form renderers are deprecated.

- Passing positional arguments `name` and `violation_error_message` to `BaseConstraint` is deprecated in favor of keyword-only arguments.

- `request` is added to the signature of `ModelAdmin.lookup_allowed()`. Support for `ModelAdmin` subclasses that do not accept this argument is deprecated.

- The `get_joining_columns()` method of `ForeignObject` and `ForeignObjectRel` is deprecated. Starting with Django 6.0, `django.db.models.sql.datastructures.Join` will no longer fallback to `get_joining_columns()`. Subclasses should implement `get_joining_fields()` instead.

- The `ForeignObject.get_reverse_joining_columns()` method is deprecated.

- The default scheme for `forms.URLField` will change from `"http"` to `"https"` in Django 6.0. Set `FORMS_URLFIELD_ASSUME_HTTPS` transitional setting to `True` to opt into assuming `"https"` during the Django 5.x release cycle.

- `FORMS_URLFIELD_ASSUME_HTTPS` transitional setting is deprecated.

- Support for calling `format_html()` without passing args or kwargs is deprecated.

- Support for `cx_Oracle` is deprecated in favor of oracledb 1.3.2+ Python driver.

- `DatabaseOperations.field_cast_sql()` is deprecated in favor of `DatabaseOperations.lookup_cast()`. Starting with Django 6.0, `BuiltinLookup.process_lhs()` will no longer call `field_cast_sql()`. Third-party database backends should implement `lookup_cast()` instead.

- The `django.db.models.enums.ChoicesMeta` metaclass is renamed to `ChoicesType`.

- The `Prefetch.get_current_queryset()` method is deprecated.

- The `get_prefetch_queryset()` method of related managers and descriptors is deprecated. Starting with Django 6.0, `get_prefetcher()` and `prefetch_related_objects()` will no longer fallback to `get_prefetch_queryset()`. Subclasses should implement `get_prefetch_querysets()` instead.

## Features removed in 5.0

These features have reached the end of their deprecation cycle and are removed in Django 5.0.

See Features deprecated in 4.0 for details on these changes, including how to remove usage of these features.

- The `SERIALIZE` test setting is removed.

- The undocumented `django.utils.baseconv` module is removed.

- The undocumented `django.utils.datetime_safe` module is removed.

- The default value of the `USE_TZ` setting is changed from `False` to `True`.

- The default sitemap protocol for sitemaps built outside the context of a request is changed from `'http'` to `'https'`.

- The `extra_tests` argument for `DiscoverRunner.build_suite()` and `DiscoverRunner.run_tests()` is removed.

- The `django.contrib.postgres.aggregates.ArrayAgg`, `JSONBAgg`, and `StringAgg` aggregates no longer return `[]`, `[]`, and `''`, respectively, when there are no rows.

- The `USE_L10N` setting is removed.

- The `USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ` transitional setting is removed.

- Support for `pytz` timezones is removed.

- The `is_dst` argument is removed from:

  - `QuerySet.datetimes()`

  - `django.utils.timezone.make_aware()`

  - `django.db.models.functions.Trunc()`

  - `django.db.models.functions.TruncSecond()`

  - `django.db.models.functions.TruncMinute()`

  - `django.db.models.functions.TruncHour()`

  - `django.db.models.functions.TruncDay()`

  - `django.db.models.functions.TruncWeek()`

  - `django.db.models.functions.TruncMonth()`

  - `django.db.models.functions.TruncQuarter()`

  - `django.db.models.functions.TruncYear()`

- The `django.contrib.gis.admin.GeoModelAdmin` and `OSMGeoAdmin` classes are removed.

- The undocumented `BaseForm._html_output()` method is removed.

- The ability to return a `str`, rather than a `SafeString`, when rendering an `ErrorDict` and `ErrorList` is removed.

See Features deprecated in 4.1 for details on these changes, including how to remove usage of these features.

- The `SitemapIndexItem.__str__()` method is removed.

- The `CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED` transitional setting is removed.

- The `name` argument of `django.utils.functional.cached_property()` is removed.

- The `opclasses` argument of `django.contrib.postgres.constraints.ExclusionConstraint` is removed.

- The undocumented ability to pass `errors=None` to `SimpleTestCase.assertFormError()` and `assertFormsetError()` is removed.

- `django.contrib.sessions.serializers.PickleSerializer` is removed.

- The usage of `QuerySet.iterator()` on a queryset that prefetches related objects without providing the `chunk_size` argument is no longer allowed.

- Passing unsaved model instances to related filters is no longer allowed.

- `created=True` is required in the signature of `RemoteUserBackend.configure_user()` subclasses.

- Support for logging out via `GET` requests in the `django.contrib.auth.views.LogoutView` and `django.contrib.auth.views.logout_then_login()` is removed.

- The `django.utils.timezone.utc` alias to `datetime.timezone.utc` is removed.

- Passing a response object and a form/formset name to `SimpleTestCase.assertFormError()` and `assertFormSetError()` is no longer allowed.

- The `django.contrib.gis.admin.OpenLayersWidget` is removed.

- The `django.contrib.auth.hashers.CryptPasswordHasher` is removed.

- The `"django/forms/default.html"` and `"django/forms/formsets/default.html"` templates are removed.

- The default form and formset rendering style is changed to the div-based.

- Passing `nulls_first=False` or `nulls_last=False` to `Expression.asc()` and `Expression.desc()` methods, and the `OrderBy` expression is no longer allowed.