# Documentazione Django 6.0.7

# Geographic Database Functions

The functions documented on this page allow users to access geographic database functions to be used in annotations, aggregations, or filters in Django.

Example:

    >>> from django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions import Length
    >>> Track.objects.annotate(length=Length("line")).filter(length__gt=100)

Not all backends support all functions, so refer to the documentation of each function to see if your database backend supports the function you want to use. If you call a geographic function on a backend that doesn’t support it, you’ll get a `NotImplementedError` exception.

## Measurements

### `Area`

class Area(expression, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the area of the field as an `Area` measure.

MySQL and SpatiaLite without LWGEOM/RTTOPO don’t support area calculations on geographic SRSes.

### `Distance`

class Distance(expr1, expr2, spheroid=None, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Accepts two geographic fields or expressions and returns the distance between them, as a `Distance` object. On MySQL, a raw float value is returned when the coordinates are geodetic.

On backends that support distance calculation on geodetic coordinates, the proper backend function is automatically chosen depending on the SRID value of the geometries (e.g. ST_DistanceSphere on PostGIS).

When distances are calculated with geodetic (angular) coordinates, as is the case with the default WGS84 (4326) SRID, you can set the `spheroid` keyword argument to decide if the calculation should be based on a simple sphere (less accurate, less resource-intensive) or on a spheroid (more accurate, more resource-intensive).

In the following example, the distance from the city of Hobart to every other `PointField` in the `AustraliaCity` queryset is calculated:

    >>> from django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions import Distance
    >>> pnt = AustraliaCity.objects.get(name="Hobart").point
    >>> for city in AustraliaCity.objects.annotate(distance=Distance("point", pnt)):
    ...     print(city.name, city.distance)
    ...
    Wollongong 990071.220408 m
    Shellharbour 972804.613941 m
    Thirroul 1002334.36351 m
    ...

Nota

Because the `distance` attribute is a `Distance` object, you can easily express the value in the units of your choice. For example, `city.distance.mi` is the distance value in miles and `city.distance.km` is the distance value in kilometers. See Measurement Objects for usage details and the list of Supported units.

### `GeometryDistance`

class GeometryDistance(expr1, expr2, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS

Accepts two geographic fields or expressions and returns the distance between them. When used in an `order_by()` clause, it provides index-assisted nearest-neighbor result sets.

### `Length`

class Length(expression, spheroid=True, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic linestring or multilinestring field or expression and returns its length as a `Distance` measure.

On PostGIS and SpatiaLite, when the coordinates are geodetic (angular), you can specify if the calculation should be based on a simple sphere (less accurate, less resource-intensive) or on a spheroid (more accurate, more resource-intensive) with the `spheroid` keyword argument.

MySQL doesn’t support length calculations on geographic SRSes.

### `Perimeter`

class Perimeter(expression, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the perimeter of the geometry field as a `Distance` object.

## Relationships

### `Azimuth`

class Azimuth(point_a, point_b, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite (LWGEOM/RTTOPO)

Returns the azimuth in radians of the segment defined by the given point geometries, or `None` if the two points are coincident. The azimuth is angle referenced from north and is positive clockwise: north = `0`; east = `π/2`; south = `π`; west = `3π/2`.

### `BoundingCircle`

class BoundingCircle(expression, num_seg=48, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite 5.1+

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the smallest circle polygon that can fully contain the geometry.

The `num_seg` parameter is used only on PostGIS.

### `Centroid`

class Centroid(expression, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the `centroid` value of the geometry.

### `ClosestPoint`

class ClosestPoint(expr1, expr2, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts two geographic fields or expressions and returns the 2-dimensional point on geometry A that is closest to geometry B.

### `Envelope`

class Envelope(expression, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the geometry representing the bounding box of the geometry.

### `LineLocatePoint`

class LineLocatePoint(linestring, point, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Returns a float between 0 and 1 representing the location of the closest point on `linestring` to the given `point`, as a fraction of the 2D line length.

### `PointOnSurface`

class PointOnSurface(expression, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS, MariaDB, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a `Point` geometry guaranteed to lie on the surface of the field; otherwise returns `None`.

## Operations

### `Difference`

class Difference(expr1, expr2, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Accepts two geographic fields or expressions and returns the geometric difference, that is the part of geometry A that does not intersect with geometry B.

### `Intersection`

class Intersection(expr1, expr2, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Accepts two geographic fields or expressions and returns the geometric intersection between them.

### `SymDifference`

class SymDifference(expr1, expr2, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Accepts two geographic fields or expressions and returns the geometric symmetric difference (union without the intersection) between the given parameters.

### `Union`

class Union(expr1, expr2, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Accepts two geographic fields or expressions and returns the union of both geometries.

## Editors

### `ForcePolygonCW`

class ForcePolygonCW(expression, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a modified version of the polygon/multipolygon in which all exterior rings are oriented clockwise and all interior rings are oriented counterclockwise. Non-polygonal geometries are returned unchanged.

### `MakeValid`

class MakeValid(expr)

Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite (LWGEOM/RTTOPO)

Accepts a geographic field or expression and attempts to convert the value into a valid geometry without losing any of the input vertices. Geometries that are already valid are returned without changes. Simple polygons might become a multipolygon and the result might be of lower dimension than the input.

### `Reverse`

class Reverse(expression, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a geometry with reversed coordinates.

### `Rotate`

New in Django 6.0.

class Rotate(expression, angle, origin=None, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS

Rotates a geometry by a specified `angle` around the origin. Optionally, the rotation can be performed around a point, defined by the `origin` parameter.

### `Scale`

class Scale(expression, x, y, z=0.0, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a geometry with scaled coordinates by multiplying them with the `x`, `y`, and optionally `z` parameters.

### `SnapToGrid`

class SnapToGrid(expression, *args, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a geometry with all points snapped to the given grid. How the geometry is snapped to the grid depends on how many numeric (either float, integer, or long) arguments are given.

Number of Arguments | Description
--- | ---
1 | A single size to snap both the X and Y grids to.
2 | X and Y sizes to snap the grid to.
4 | X, Y sizes and the corresponding X, Y origins.

### `Transform`

class Transform(expression, srid, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Accepts a geographic field or expression and a SRID integer code, and returns the transformed geometry to the spatial reference system specified by the `srid` parameter.

Nota

What spatial reference system an integer SRID corresponds to may depend on the spatial database used. In other words, the SRID numbers used for Oracle are not necessarily the same as those used by PostGIS.

### `Translate`

class Translate(expression, x, y, z=0.0, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a geometry with its coordinates offset by the `x`, `y`, and optionally `z` numeric parameters.

## Input format

### `FromWKB`

class FromWKB(expression, srid=0, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Creates geometry from Well-known binary (WKB) representation. The optional `srid` argument allows to specify the SRID of the resulting geometry. `srid` is ignored on Oracle.

### `FromWKT`

class FromWKT(expression, srid=0, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Creates geometry from Well-known text (WKT) representation. The optional `srid` argument allows to specify the SRID of the resulting geometry. `srid` is ignored on Oracle.

## Output format

### `AsGeoJSON`

class AsGeoJSON(expression, bbox=False, crs=False, precision=8, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a GeoJSON representation of the geometry. Note that the result is not a complete GeoJSON structure but only the `geometry` key content of a GeoJSON structure. See also GeoJSON Serializer.

Example:

    >>> City.objects.annotate(json=AsGeoJSON("point")).get(name="Chicago").json
    {"type":"Point","coordinates":[-87.65018,41.85039]}

Keyword Argument | Description
--- | ---
`bbox` | Set this to `True` if you want the bounding box to be included in the returned GeoJSON. Ignored on Oracle.
`crs` | Set this to `True` if you want the coordinate reference system to be included in the returned GeoJSON. Ignored on MySQL and Oracle.
`precision` | It may be used to specify the number of significant digits for the coordinates in the GeoJSON representation – the default value is 8. Ignored on Oracle.

### `AsGML`

class AsGML(expression, version=2, precision=8, **extra)

Availability: Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a Geographic Markup Language (GML) representation of the geometry.

Example:

    >>> qs = Zipcode.objects.annotate(gml=AsGML("poly"))
    >>> print(qs[0].gml)
    <gml:Polygon srsName="EPSG:4326"><gml:OuterBoundaryIs>-147.78711,70.245363 ...
    -147.78711,70.245363</gml:OuterBoundaryIs></gml:Polygon>

Keyword Argument | Description
--- | ---
`precision` | Specifies the number of significant digits for the coordinates in the GML representation – the default value is 8. Ignored on Oracle.
`version` | Specifies the GML version to use: 2 (default) or 3.

### `AsKML`

class AsKML(expression, precision=8, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a Keyhole Markup Language (KML) representation of the geometry.

Example:

    >>> qs = Zipcode.objects.annotate(kml=AsKML("poly"))
    >>> print(qs[0].kml)
    <Polygon><outerBoundaryIs><LinearRing><coordinates>-103.04135,36.217596,0 ...
    -103.04135,36.217596,0</coordinates></LinearRing></outerBoundaryIs></Polygon>

Keyword Argument | Description
--- | ---
`precision` | This keyword may be used to specify the number of significant digits for the coordinates in the KML representation – the default value is 8.

### `AsSVG`

class AsSVG(expression, relative=False, precision=8, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) representation of the geometry.

Keyword Argument | Description
--- | ---
`relative` | If set to `True`, the path data will be implemented in terms of relative moves. Defaults to `False`, meaning that absolute moves are used instead.
`precision` | This keyword may be used to specify the number of significant digits for the coordinates in the SVG representation – the default value is 8.

### `AsWKB`

class AsWKB(expression, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a Well-known binary (WKB) representation of the geometry.

Example:

    >>> bytes(City.objects.annotate(wkb=AsWKB("point")).get(name="Chelyabinsk").wkb)
    b'\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00]3\xf9f\x9b\x91K@\x00X\x1d9\xd2\xb9N@'

### `AsWKT`

class AsWKT(expression, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a Well-known text (WKT) representation of the geometry.

Example:

    >>> City.objects.annotate(wkt=AsWKT("point")).get(name="Chelyabinsk").wkt
    'POINT (55.137555 61.451728)'

### `GeoHash`

class GeoHash(expression, precision=None, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, SpatiaLite (LWGEOM/RTTOPO)

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a GeoHash representation of the geometry.

The `precision` keyword argument controls the number of characters in the result.

Changed in Django 6.0:

MariaDB 12.0.1+ support was added.

## Miscellaneous

### `IsEmpty`

class IsEmpty(expr)

Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts a geographic field or expression and tests if the value is an empty geometry. Returns `True` if its value is empty and `False` otherwise.

Changed in Django 6.1:

SpatiaLite support was added.

### `IsValid`

class IsValid(expr)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Accepts a geographic field or expression and tests if the value is well formed. Returns `True` if its value is a valid geometry and `False` otherwise.

Changed in Django 6.0:

MariaDB 12.0.1+ support was added.

### `GeometryType`

New in Django 6.0.

class GeometryType(expr)

Availability: PostGIS, Oracle 23c+, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite

Accepts a geographic field or expression and returns its geometry type.

### `MemSize`

class MemSize(expression, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the memory size (number of bytes) that the geometry field takes.

### `NumDimensions`

New in Django 6.1.

class NumDimensions(expression, **extra)

Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geometry field or expression and returns the number of dimensions used by the geometry.

### `NumGeometries`

class NumGeometries(expression, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the number of geometries if the geometry field is a collection (e.g., a `GEOMETRYCOLLECTION` or `MULTI*` field). Returns 1 for single geometries.

On MySQL, returns `None` for single geometries.

### `NumPoints`

class NumPoints(expression, **extra)

Availability: MariaDB, MySQL, PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the number of points in a geometry.

On MySQL, returns `None` for any non-`LINESTRING` geometry.