# Documentazione Django 6.0.7

# Request and response objects

## Quick overview

Django uses request and response objects to pass state through the system.

When a page is requested, Django creates an `HttpRequest` object that contains metadata about the request. Then Django loads the appropriate view, passing the `HttpRequest` as the first argument to the view function. Each view is responsible for returning an `HttpResponse` object.

This document explains the APIs for `HttpRequest` and `HttpResponse` objects, which are defined in the `django.http` module.

## `HttpRequest` objects

class HttpRequest

### Attributes

All attributes should be considered read-only, unless stated otherwise.

HttpRequest.scheme

  A string representing the scheme of the request (`http` or `https` usually).

HttpRequest.body

  The raw HTTP request body as a bytestring. This is useful for processing data in different ways than conventional HTML forms: binary images, XML payload etc. For processing conventional form data, use `HttpRequest.POST`.

  You can also read from an `HttpRequest` using a file-like interface with `HttpRequest.read()` or `HttpRequest.readline()`. Accessing the `body` attribute after reading the request with either of these I/O stream methods will produce a `RawPostDataException`.

HttpRequest.path

  A string representing the full path to the requested page, not including the scheme, domain, or query string.

  Example: `"/music/bands/the_beatles/"`

HttpRequest.path_info

  Under some web server configurations, the portion of the URL after the host name is split up into a script prefix portion and a path info portion. The `path_info` attribute always contains the path info portion of the path, no matter what web server is being used. Using this instead of `path` can make your code easier to move between test and deployment servers.

  For example, if the `WSGIScriptAlias` for your application is set to `"/minfo"`, then `path` might be `"/minfo/music/bands/the_beatles/"` and `path_info` would be `"/music/bands/the_beatles/"`.

HttpRequest.method

  A string representing the HTTP method used in the request. This is guaranteed to be uppercase. For example:

      if request.method == "GET":
          do_something()
      elif request.method == "POST":
          do_something_else()

HttpRequest.encoding

  A string representing the current encoding used to decode form submission data (or `None`, which means the `DEFAULT_CHARSET` setting is used). You can write to this attribute to change the encoding used when accessing the form data. Any subsequent attribute accesses (such as reading from `GET` or `POST`) will use the new `encoding` value. Useful if you know the form data is not in the `DEFAULT_CHARSET` encoding.

HttpRequest.content_type

  A string representing the MIME type of the request, parsed from the `CONTENT_TYPE` header.

HttpRequest.content_params

  A dictionary of key/value parameters included in the `CONTENT_TYPE` header.

HttpRequest.GET

  A dictionary-like object containing all given HTTP GET parameters. See the `QueryDict` documentation below.

HttpRequest.POST

  A dictionary-like object containing all given HTTP POST parameters, providing that the request contains form data. See the `QueryDict` documentation below. If you need to access raw or non-form data posted in the request, access this through the `HttpRequest.body` attribute instead.

  It’s possible that a request can come in via POST with an empty `POST` dictionary – if, say, a form is requested via the POST HTTP method but does not include form data. Therefore, you shouldn’t use `if request.POST` to check for use of the POST method; instead, use `if request.method == "POST"` (see `HttpRequest.method`).

  `POST` does not include file-upload information. See `FILES`.

HttpRequest.COOKIES

  A dictionary containing all cookies. Keys and values are strings.

HttpRequest.FILES

  A dictionary-like object containing all uploaded files. Each key in `FILES` is the `name` from the `<input type="file" name="">`. Each value in `FILES` is an `UploadedFile`.

  See Managing files for more information.

  `FILES` will only contain data if the request method was POST and the `<form>` that posted to the request had `enctype="multipart/form-data"`. Otherwise, `FILES` will be a blank dictionary-like object.

HttpRequest.META

  A dictionary containing all available HTTP headers. Available headers depend on the client and server, but here are some examples:

  - `CONTENT_LENGTH` – The length of the request body (as a string).

  - `CONTENT_TYPE` – The MIME type of the request body.

  - `HTTP_ACCEPT` – Acceptable content types for the response.

  - `HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING` – Acceptable encodings for the response.

  - `HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE` – Acceptable languages for the response.

  - `HTTP_HOST` – The HTTP Host header sent by the client.

  - `HTTP_REFERER` – The referring page, if any.

  - `HTTP_USER_AGENT` – The client’s user-agent string.

  - `QUERY_STRING` – The query string, as a single (unparsed) string.

  - `REMOTE_ADDR` – The IP address of the client.

  - `REMOTE_HOST` – The hostname of the client.

  - `REMOTE_USER` – The user authenticated by the web server, if any.

  - `REQUEST_METHOD` – A string such as `"GET"` or `"POST"`.

  - `SERVER_NAME` – The hostname of the server.

  - `SERVER_PORT` – The port of the server (as a string).

  With the exception of `CONTENT_LENGTH` and `CONTENT_TYPE`, as given above, any HTTP headers in the request are converted to `META` keys by converting all characters to uppercase, replacing any hyphens with underscores and adding an `HTTP_` prefix to the name. So, for example, a header called `X-Bender` would be mapped to the `META` key `HTTP_X_BENDER`.

  Note that `runserver` strips all headers with underscores in the name, so you won’t see them in `META`. This prevents header-spoofing based on ambiguity between underscores and dashes both being normalizing to underscores in WSGI environment variables. It matches the behavior of web servers like Nginx and Apache 2.4+.

  `HttpRequest.headers` is a simpler way to access all HTTP-prefixed headers, plus `CONTENT_LENGTH` and `CONTENT_TYPE`.

HttpRequest.headers

  A case insensitive, dict-like object that provides access to all HTTP-prefixed headers (plus `Content-Length` and `Content-Type`) from the request.

  The name of each header is stylized with title-casing (e.g. `User-Agent`) when it’s displayed. You can access headers case-insensitively:

      >>> request.headers
      {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_6', ...)}

      >>> "User-Agent" in request.headers
      True
      >>> "user-agent" in request.headers
      True

      >>> request.headers["User-Agent"]
      Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_6)
      >>> request.headers["user-agent"]
      Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_6)

      >>> request.headers.get("User-Agent")
      Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_6)
      >>> request.headers.get("user-agent")
      Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_6)

  For use in, for example, Django templates, headers can also be looked up using underscores in place of hyphens:

      {{ request.headers.user_agent }}

HttpRequest.resolver_match

  An instance of `ResolverMatch` representing the resolved URL. This attribute is only set after URL resolving took place, which means it’s available in all views but not in middleware which are executed before URL resolving takes place (you can use it in `process_view()` though).

HttpRequest.multipart_parser_class
  New in Django 6.1.

  The class used to parse `multipart/form-data` request data. By default, this is `django.http.multipartparser.MultiPartParser`.

  You can set this attribute to use a custom multipart parser, either via middleware or directly in views:

      from django.http.multipartparser import MultiPartParser

      class CustomMultiPartParser(MultiPartParser):
          def parse(self):
              post = QueryDict(mutable=True)
              files = MultiValueDict()
              # Custom processing logic here
              return post, files

      # In middleware or view:
      request.multipart_parser_class = CustomMultiPartParser

### Attributes set by application code

Django doesn’t set these attributes itself but makes use of them if set by your application.

HttpRequest.current_app

  The `url` template tag will use its value as the `current_app` argument to `reverse()`.

HttpRequest.urlconf

  This will be used as the root URLconf for the current request, overriding the `ROOT_URLCONF` setting. See How Django processes a request for details.

  `urlconf` can be set to `None` to revert any changes made by previous middleware and return to using the `ROOT_URLCONF`.

HttpRequest.exception_reporter_filter

  This will be used instead of `DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER_FILTER` for the current request. See Rapporti di errore personalizzati for details.

HttpRequest.exception_reporter_class

  This will be used instead of `DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER` for the current request. See Rapporti di errore personalizzati for details.

### Attributes set by middleware

Some of the middleware included in Django’s contrib apps set attributes on the request. If you don’t see the attribute on a request, be sure the appropriate middleware class is listed in `MIDDLEWARE`.

HttpRequest.session

  From the `SessionMiddleware`: A readable and writable, dictionary-like object that represents the current session.

HttpRequest.site

  From the `CurrentSiteMiddleware`: An instance of `Site` or `RequestSite` as returned by `get_current_site()` representing the current site.

HttpRequest.user

  From the `AuthenticationMiddleware`: An instance of `AUTH_USER_MODEL` representing the currently logged-in user. If the user isn’t currently logged in, `user` will be set to an instance of `AnonymousUser`. You can tell them apart with `is_authenticated`, like so:

      if request.user.is_authenticated:
          ...  # Do something for logged-in users.
      else:
          ...  # Do something for anonymous users.

  The `auser()` can be used to access the user in async contexts.

### Methods

HttpRequest.auser()

  From the `AuthenticationMiddleware`: Coroutine. Returns an instance of `AUTH_USER_MODEL` representing the currently logged-in user. If the user isn’t currently logged in, `auser` will return an instance of `AnonymousUser`. This is similar to the `user` attribute but it works in async contexts.

HttpRequest.get_host()

  Returns the originating host of the request using information from the `HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST` (if `USE_X_FORWARDED_HOST` is enabled) and `HTTP_HOST` headers, in that order. If they don’t provide a value, the method uses a combination of `SERVER_NAME` and `SERVER_PORT` as detailed in PEP 3333.

  Example: `"127.0.0.1:8000"`

  Raises `django.core.exceptions.DisallowedHost` if the host is not in `ALLOWED_HOSTS` or the domain name is invalid according to RFC 1034/1035.

  Nota

  The `get_host()` method fails when the host is behind multiple proxies. One solution is to use middleware to rewrite the proxy headers, as in the following example:

      class MultipleProxyMiddleware:
          FORWARDED_FOR_FIELDS = [
              "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR",
              "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST",
              "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SERVER",
          ]

          def __init__(self, get_response):
              self.get_response = get_response

          def __call__(self, request):
              """
              Rewrites the proxy headers so that only the most
              recent proxy is used.
              """
              for field in self.FORWARDED_FOR_FIELDS:
                  if field in request.META:
                      if "," in request.META[field]:
                          parts = request.META[field].split(",")
                          request.META[field] = parts[-1].strip()
              return self.get_response(request)

  This middleware should be positioned before any other middleware that relies on the value of `get_host()` – for instance, `CommonMiddleware` or `CsrfViewMiddleware`.

HttpRequest.get_port()

  Returns the originating port of the request using information from the `HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PORT` (if `USE_X_FORWARDED_PORT` is enabled) and `SERVER_PORT` `META` variables, in that order.

HttpRequest.get_full_path()

  Returns the `path`, plus an appended query string, if applicable.

  Example: `"/minfo/music/bands/the_beatles/?print=true"`

HttpRequest.get_full_path_info()

  Like `get_full_path()`, but uses `path_info` instead of `path`.

  Example: `"/music/bands/the_beatles/?print=true"`

HttpRequest.build_absolute_uri(location=None)

  Returns the absolute URI form of `location`. If no location is provided, the location will be set to `request.get_full_path()`.

  If the location is already an absolute URI, it will not be altered. Otherwise the absolute URI is built using the server variables available in this request. For example:

      >>> request.build_absolute_uri()
      'https://example.com/music/bands/the_beatles/?print=true'
      >>> request.build_absolute_uri("/bands/")
      'https://example.com/bands/'
      >>> request.build_absolute_uri("https://example2.com/bands/")
      'https://example2.com/bands/'

  Nota

  Mixing HTTP and HTTPS on the same site is discouraged, therefore `build_absolute_uri()` will always generate an absolute URI with the same scheme the current request has. If you need to redirect users to HTTPS, it’s best to let your web server redirect all HTTP traffic to HTTPS.

HttpRequest.get_signed_cookie(key, default=RAISE_ERROR, salt='', max_age=None)

  Returns a cookie value for a signed cookie, or raises a `django.core.signing.BadSignature` exception if the signature is no longer valid. If you provide the `default` argument the exception will be suppressed and that default value will be returned instead.

  The optional `salt` argument can be used to put the cookie into a separate signature namespace. If supplied, the `max_age` argument will be checked against the signed timestamp attached to the cookie value to ensure the cookie is not older than `max_age` seconds.

  Cookies signed by older Django versions are accepted by default for backwards compatibility. Set `SIGNED_COOKIE_LEGACY_SALT_FALLBACK` to `False` to reject them.

  For example:

      >>> request.get_signed_cookie("name")
      'Tony'
      >>> request.get_signed_cookie("name", salt="name-salt")
      'Tony' # assuming cookie was set using the same salt
      >>> request.get_signed_cookie("nonexistent-cookie")
      KeyError: 'nonexistent-cookie'
      >>> request.get_signed_cookie("nonexistent-cookie", False)
      False
      >>> request.get_signed_cookie("cookie-that-was-tampered-with")
      BadSignature: ...
      >>> request.get_signed_cookie("name", max_age=60)
      SignatureExpired: Signature age 1677.3839159 > 60 seconds
      >>> request.get_signed_cookie("name", False, max_age=60)
      False

  See cryptographic signing for more information.

  Changed in Django 5.2.15:

  In older versions, cookies signed with distinct `(key, salt)` pairs that concatenate to the same string could be used interchangeably.

HttpRequest.is_secure()

  Returns `True` if the request is secure; that is, if it was made with HTTPS.

HttpRequest.get_preferred_type(media_types)

  Returns the preferred mime type from `media_types`, based on the `Accept` header, or `None` if the client does not accept any of the provided types.

  Assuming the client sends an `Accept` header of `text/html,application/json;q=0.8`:

      >>> request.get_preferred_type(["text/html", "application/json"])
      "text/html"
      >>> request.get_preferred_type(["application/json", "text/plain"])
      "application/json"
      >>> request.get_preferred_type(["application/xml", "text/plain"])
      None

  If the mime type includes parameters, these are also considered when determining the preferred media type. For example, with an `Accept` header of `text/vcard;version=3.0,text/html;q=0.5`, the return value of `request.get_preferred_type()` depends on the available media types:

      >>> request.get_preferred_type(
      ...     [
      ...         "text/vcard; version=4.0",
      ...         "text/vcard; version=3.0",
      ...         "text/vcard",
      ...         "text/directory",
      ...     ]
      ... )
      "text/vcard; version=3.0"
      >>> request.get_preferred_type(
      ...     [
      ...         "text/vcard; version=4.0",
      ...         "text/html",
      ...     ]
      ... )
      "text/html"
      >>> request.get_preferred_type(
      ...     [
      ...         "text/vcard; version=4.0",
      ...         "text/vcard",
      ...         "text/directory",
      ...     ]
      ... )
      None

  (For further details on how content negotiation is performed, see RFC 9110 Section 12.5.1.)

  Most browsers send `Accept: */*` by default, meaning they don’t have a preference, in which case the first item in `media_types` would be returned.

  Setting an explicit `Accept` header in API requests can be useful for returning a different content type for those consumers only. See Content negotiation example for an example of returning different content based on the `Accept` header.

  Nota

  If a response varies depending on the content of the `Accept` header and you are using some form of caching like Django’s `cache middleware`, you should decorate the view with `vary_on_headers('Accept')` so that the responses are properly cached.

HttpRequest.accepts(mime_type)

  Returns `True` if the request’s `Accept` header matches the `mime_type` argument:

      >>> request.accepts("text/html")
      True

  Most browsers send `Accept: */*` by default, so this would return `True` for all content types.

  See Content negotiation example for an example of using `accepts()` to return different content based on the `Accept` header.

HttpRequest.read(size=None)

HttpRequest.readline()

HttpRequest.readlines()

HttpRequest.__iter__()

  Methods implementing a file-like interface for reading from an `HttpRequest` instance. This makes it possible to consume an incoming request in a streaming fashion. A common use-case would be to process a big XML payload with an iterative parser without constructing a whole XML tree in memory.

  Given this standard interface, an `HttpRequest` instance can be passed directly to an XML parser such as `ElementTree`:

      import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

      for element in ET.iterparse(request):
          process(element)

## `QueryDict` objects

class QueryDict

In an `HttpRequest` object, the `GET` and `POST` attributes are instances of `django.http.QueryDict`, a dictionary-like class customized to deal with multiple values for the same key. This is necessary because some HTML form elements, notably `<select multiple>`, pass multiple values for the same key.

The `QueryDict`s at `request.POST` and `request.GET` will be immutable when accessed in a normal request/response cycle. To get a mutable version you need to use `QueryDict.copy()`.

### Methods

`QueryDict` implements all the standard dictionary methods because it’s a subclass of dictionary. Exceptions are outlined here:

QueryDict.__init__(query_string=None, mutable=False, encoding=None)

  Instantiates a `QueryDict` object based on `query_string`.

      >>> QueryDict("a=1&a=2&c=3")
      <QueryDict: {'a': ['1', '2'], 'c': ['3']}>

  If `query_string` is not passed in, the resulting `QueryDict` will be empty (it will have no keys or values).

  Most `QueryDict`s you encounter, and in particular those at `request.POST` and `request.GET`, will be immutable. If you are instantiating one yourself, you can make it mutable by passing `mutable=True` to its `__init__()`.

  Strings for setting both keys and values will be converted from `encoding` to `str`. If `encoding` is not set, it defaults to `DEFAULT_CHARSET`.

classmethod QueryDict.fromkeys(iterable, value='', mutable=False, encoding=None)

  Creates a new `QueryDict` with keys from `iterable` and each value equal to `value`. For example:

      >>> QueryDict.fromkeys(["a", "a", "b"], value="val")
      <QueryDict: {'a': ['val', 'val'], 'b': ['val']}>

QueryDict.__getitem__(key)

  Returns the last value for the given key; or an empty list (`[]`) if the key exists but has no values. Raises `django.utils.datastructures.MultiValueDictKeyError` if the key does not exist. (This is a subclass of Python’s standard `KeyError`, so you can stick to catching `KeyError`.)

      >>> q = QueryDict("a=1&a=2&a=3", mutable=True)
      >>> q.__getitem__("a")
      '3'
      >>> q.__setitem__("b", [])
      >>> q.__getitem__("b")
      []

QueryDict.__setitem__(key, value)

  Sets the given key to `[value]` (a list whose single element is `value`). Note that this, as other dictionary functions that have side effects, can only be called on a mutable `QueryDict` (such as one that was created via `QueryDict.copy()`).

QueryDict.__contains__(key)

  Returns `True` if the given key is set. This lets you do, e.g., `if "foo" in request.GET`.

QueryDict.get(key, default=None)

  Uses the same logic as `__getitem__()`, with a hook for returning a default value if the key doesn’t exist.

QueryDict.setdefault(key, default=None)

  Like `dict.setdefault()`, except it uses `__setitem__()` internally.

QueryDict.update(other_dict)

  Takes either a `QueryDict` or a dictionary. Like `dict.update()`, except it appends to the current dictionary items rather than replacing them. For example:

      >>> q = QueryDict("a=1", mutable=True)
      >>> q.update({"a": "2"})
      >>> q.getlist("a")
      ['1', '2']
      >>> q["a"]  # returns the last
      '2'

QueryDict.items()

  Like `dict.items()`, except this uses the same last-value logic as `__getitem__()` and returns an iterator object instead of a view object. For example:

      >>> q = QueryDict("a=1&a=2&a=3")
      >>> list(q.items())
      [('a', '3')]

QueryDict.values()

  Like `dict.values()`, except this uses the same last-value logic as `__getitem__()` and returns an iterator instead of a view object. For example:

      >>> q = QueryDict("a=1&a=2&a=3")
      >>> list(q.values())
      ['3']

In addition, `QueryDict` has the following methods:

QueryDict.copy()

  Returns a copy of the object using `copy.deepcopy()`. This copy will be mutable even if the original was not.

QueryDict.getlist(key, default=None)

  Returns a list of the data with the requested key. Returns an empty list if the key doesn’t exist and `default` is `None`. It’s guaranteed to return a list unless the default value provided isn’t a list.

QueryDict.setlist(key, list_)

  Sets the given key to `list_` (unlike `__setitem__()`).

QueryDict.appendlist(key, item)

  Appends an item to the internal list associated with key.

QueryDict.setlistdefault(key, default_list=None)

  Like `setdefault()`, except it takes a list of values instead of a single value.

QueryDict.lists()

  Like `items()`, except it includes all values, as a list, for each member of the dictionary. For example:

      >>> q = QueryDict("a=1&a=2&a=3")
      >>> q.lists()
      [('a', ['1', '2', '3'])]

QueryDict.pop(key)

  Returns a list of values for the given key and removes them from the dictionary. Raises `KeyError` if the key does not exist. For example:

      >>> q = QueryDict("a=1&a=2&a=3", mutable=True)
      >>> q.pop("a")
      ['1', '2', '3']

QueryDict.popitem()

  Removes an arbitrary member of the dictionary (since there’s no concept of ordering), and returns a two value tuple containing the key and a list of all values for the key. Raises `KeyError` when called on an empty dictionary. For example:

      >>> q = QueryDict("a=1&a=2&a=3", mutable=True)
      >>> q.popitem()
      ('a', ['1', '2', '3'])

QueryDict.dict()

  Returns a `dict` representation of `QueryDict`. For every (key, list) pair in `QueryDict`, `dict` will have (key, item), where item is one element of the list, using the same logic as `QueryDict.__getitem__()`:

      >>> q = QueryDict("a=1&a=3&a=5")
      >>> q.dict()
      {'a': '5'}

QueryDict.urlencode(safe=None)

  Returns a string of the data in query string format. For example:

      >>> q = QueryDict("a=2&b=3&b=5")
      >>> q.urlencode()
      'a=2&b=3&b=5'

  Use the `safe` parameter to pass characters which don’t require encoding. For example:

      >>> q = QueryDict(mutable=True)
      >>> q["next"] = "/a&b/"
      >>> q.urlencode(safe="/")
      'next=/a%26b/'

## `HttpResponse` objects

class HttpResponse

In contrast to `HttpRequest` objects, which are created automatically by Django, `HttpResponse` objects are your responsibility. Each view you write is responsible for instantiating, populating, and returning an `HttpResponse`.

The `HttpResponse` class lives in the `django.http` module.

### Usage

#### Passing strings

Typical usage is to pass the contents of the page, as a string, bytestring, or `memoryview`, to the `HttpResponse` constructor:

    >>> from django.http import HttpResponse
    >>> response = HttpResponse("Here's the text of the web page.")
    >>> response = HttpResponse("Text only, please.", content_type="text/plain")
    >>> response = HttpResponse(b"Bytestrings are also accepted.")
    >>> response = HttpResponse(memoryview(b"Memoryview as well."))

But if you want to add content incrementally, you can use `response` as a file-like object:

    >>> response = HttpResponse()
    >>> response.write("<p>Here's the text of the web page.</p>")
    >>> response.write("<p>Here's another paragraph.</p>")

#### Passing iterators

Finally, you can pass `HttpResponse` an iterator rather than strings. `HttpResponse` will consume the iterator immediately, store its content as a string, and discard it. Objects with a `close()` method such as files and generators are immediately closed.

If you need the response to be streamed from the iterator to the client, you must use the `StreamingHttpResponse` class instead.

#### Setting header fields

To set or remove a header field in your response, use `HttpResponse.headers`:

    >>> response = HttpResponse()
    >>> response.headers["Age"] = 120
    >>> del response.headers["Age"]

You can also manipulate headers by treating your response like a dictionary:

    >>> response = HttpResponse()
    >>> response["Age"] = 120
    >>> del response["Age"]

This proxies to `HttpResponse.headers`, and is the original interface offered by `HttpResponse`.

When using this interface, unlike a dictionary, `del` doesn’t raise `KeyError` if the header field doesn’t exist.

You can also set headers on instantiation:

    >>> response = HttpResponse(headers={"Age": 120})

For setting the `Cache-Control` and `Vary` header fields, it is recommended to use the `patch_cache_control()` and `patch_vary_headers()` methods from `django.utils.cache`, since these fields can have multiple, comma-separated values. The «patch» methods ensure that other values, e.g. added by a middleware, are not removed.

HTTP header fields cannot contain newlines. An attempt to set a header field containing a newline character (CR or LF) will raise `BadHeaderError`

#### Telling the browser to treat the response as a file attachment

To tell the browser to treat the response as a file attachment, set the `Content-Type` and `Content-Disposition` headers. For example, this is how you might return a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet:

    >>> response = HttpResponse(
    ...     my_data,
    ...     headers={
    ...         "Content-Type": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
    ...         "Content-Disposition": 'attachment; filename="foo.xls"',
    ...     },
    ... )

There’s nothing Django-specific about the `Content-Disposition` header, but it’s easy to forget the syntax, so we’ve included it here.

### Attributes

HttpResponse.content

  A bytestring representing the content, encoded from a string if necessary.

HttpResponse.text

  A string representation of `HttpResponse.content`, decoded using the response’s `HttpResponse.charset` (defaulting to `UTF-8` if empty).

HttpResponse.cookies

  A `http.cookies.SimpleCookie` object holding the cookies included in the response.

HttpResponse.headers

  A case insensitive, dict-like object that provides an interface to all HTTP headers on the response, except a `Set-Cookie` header. See Setting header fields and `HttpResponse.cookies`.

HttpResponse.charset

  A string denoting the charset in which the response will be encoded. If not given at `HttpResponse` instantiation time, it will be extracted from `content_type` and if that is unsuccessful, the `DEFAULT_CHARSET` setting will be used.

HttpResponse.status_code

  The HTTP status code for the response.

  Unless `reason_phrase` is explicitly set, modifying the value of `status_code` outside the constructor will also modify the value of `reason_phrase`.

HttpResponse.reason_phrase

  The HTTP reason phrase for the response. It uses the HTTP standard’s default reason phrases.

  Unless explicitly set, `reason_phrase` is determined by the value of `status_code`.

HttpResponse.streaming

  This is always `False`.

  This attribute exists so middleware can treat streaming responses differently from regular responses.

HttpResponse.closed

  `True` if the response has been closed.

### Methods

HttpResponse.__init__(content=b'', content_type=None, status=200, reason=None, charset=None, headers=None)

  Instantiates an `HttpResponse` object with the given page content, content type, and headers.

  `content` is most commonly an iterator, bytestring, `memoryview`, or string. Other types will be converted to a bytestring by encoding their string representation. Iterators should return strings or bytestrings and those will be joined together to form the content of the response.

  `content_type` is the MIME type optionally completed by a character set encoding and is used to fill the HTTP `Content-Type` header. If not specified, it is formed by `'text/html'` and the `DEFAULT_CHARSET` settings, by default: `"text/html; charset=utf-8"`.

  `status` is the HTTP status code for the response. You can use Python’s `http.HTTPStatus` for meaningful aliases, such as `HTTPStatus.NO_CONTENT`.

  `reason` is the HTTP response phrase. If not provided, a default phrase will be used.

  `charset` is the charset in which the response will be encoded. If not given it will be extracted from `content_type`, and if that is unsuccessful, the `DEFAULT_CHARSET` setting will be used.

  `headers` is a `dict` of HTTP headers for the response.

HttpResponse.__setitem__(header, value)

  Sets the given header name to the given value. Both `header` and `value` should be strings.

HttpResponse.__delitem__(header)

  Deletes the header with the given name. Fails silently if the header doesn’t exist. Case-insensitive.

HttpResponse.__getitem__(header)

  Returns the value for the given header name. Case-insensitive.

HttpResponse.get(header, alternate=None)

  Returns the value for the given header, or an `alternate` if the header doesn’t exist.

HttpResponse.has_header(header)

  Returns `True` or `False` based on a case-insensitive check for a header with the given name.

HttpResponse.items()

  Acts like `dict.items()` for HTTP headers on the response.

HttpResponse.setdefault(header, value)

  Sets a header unless it has already been set.

HttpResponse.set_cookie(key, value='', max_age=None, expires=None, path='/', domain=None, secure=False, httponly=False, samesite=None)

  Sets a cookie. The parameters are the same as in the `Morsel` cookie object in the Python standard library.

  - `max_age` should be a `timedelta` object, an integer number of seconds, or `None` (default) if the cookie should last only as long as the client’s browser session. If `expires` is not specified, it will be calculated.

  - `expires` should either be a string in the format `"Wdy, DD-Mon-YY HH:MM:SS GMT"` or a `datetime.datetime` object in UTC. If `expires` is a `datetime` object, the `max_age` will be calculated.

  - Use `domain` if you want to set a cross-domain cookie. For example, `domain="example.com"` will set a cookie that is readable by the domains www.example.com, blog.example.com, etc. Otherwise, a cookie will only be readable by the domain that set it.

  - Use `secure=True` if you want the cookie to be only sent to the server when a request is made with the `https` scheme.

  - Use `httponly=True` if you want to prevent client-side JavaScript from having access to the cookie.

    HttpOnly is a flag included in a Set-Cookie HTTP response header. It’s part of the RFC 6265 standard for cookies and can be a useful way to mitigate the risk of a client-side script accessing the protected cookie data.

  - Use `samesite='Strict'` or `samesite='Lax'` to tell the browser not to send this cookie when performing a cross-origin request. SameSite isn’t supported by all browsers, so it’s not a replacement for Django’s CSRF protection, but rather a defense in depth measure.

    Use `samesite='None'` (string) to explicitly state that this cookie is sent with all same-site and cross-site requests.

  Avvertimento

  RFC 6265 states that user agents should support cookies of at least 4096 bytes. For many browsers this is also the maximum size. Django will not raise an exception if there’s an attempt to store a cookie of more than 4096 bytes, but many browsers will not set the cookie correctly.

HttpResponse.set_signed_cookie(key, value, salt='', max_age=None, expires=None, path='/', domain=None, secure=False, httponly=False, samesite=None)

  Like `set_cookie()`, but cryptographic signing the cookie before setting it. Use in conjunction with `HttpRequest.get_signed_cookie()`. You can use the optional `salt` argument to put the cookie into a separate signature namespace, but you will need to remember to pass it to the corresponding `HttpRequest.get_signed_cookie()` call.

HttpResponse.delete_cookie(key, path='/', domain=None, samesite=None)

  Deletes the cookie with the given key. Fails silently if the key doesn’t exist.

  Due to the way cookies work, `path` and `domain` should be the same values you used in `set_cookie()` – otherwise the cookie may not be deleted.

HttpResponse.close()

  This method is called at the end of the request directly by the WSGI or ASGI server.

HttpResponse.write(content)

  This method makes an `HttpResponse` instance a file-like object.

HttpResponse.flush()

  This method makes an `HttpResponse` instance a file-like object.

HttpResponse.tell()

  This method makes an `HttpResponse` instance a file-like object.

HttpResponse.getvalue()

  Returns the value of `HttpResponse.content`. This method makes an `HttpResponse` instance a stream-like object.

HttpResponse.readable()

  Always `False`. This method makes an `HttpResponse` instance a stream-like object.

HttpResponse.seekable()

  Always `False`. This method makes an `HttpResponse` instance a stream-like object.

HttpResponse.writable()

  Always `True`. This method makes an `HttpResponse` instance a stream-like object.

HttpResponse.writelines(lines)

  Writes a list of lines to the response. Line separators are not added. This method makes an `HttpResponse` instance a stream-like object.

### `HttpResponse` subclasses

Django includes a number of `HttpResponse` subclasses that handle different types of HTTP responses. Like `HttpResponse`, these subclasses live in `django.http`.

class HttpResponseRedirect

  The first argument to the constructor is required – the path to redirect to. This can be a fully qualified URL (e.g. `'https://www.yahoo.com/search/'`), an absolute path with no domain (e.g. `'/search/'`), or even a relative path (e.g. `'search/'`). In that last case, the client browser will reconstruct the full URL itself according to the current path.

  The constructor accepts an optional `preserve_request` keyword argument that defaults to `False`, producing a response with a 302 status code. If `preserve_request` is `True`, the status code will be 307 instead.

  The constructor accepts an optional `max_length` keyword argument to override the maximum allowed length for the redirect URL. You can set it to `None` to disable the length check.

  See `HttpResponse` for other optional constructor arguments.

  Changed in Django 6.1:

  `max_length` was added.

  url

    This read-only attribute represents the URL the response will redirect to (equivalent to the `Location` response header).

class HttpResponsePermanentRedirect

  Like `HttpResponseRedirect`, but it returns a permanent redirect (HTTP status code 301) instead of a «found» redirect (status code 302). When `preserve_request=True`, the response’s status code is 308.

class HttpResponseNotModified

  The constructor doesn’t take any arguments and no content should be added to this response. Use this to designate that a page hasn’t been modified since the user’s last request (status code 304).

class HttpResponseBadRequest

  Acts just like `HttpResponse` but uses a 400 status code.

class HttpResponseNotFound

  Acts just like `HttpResponse` but uses a 404 status code.

class HttpResponseForbidden

  Acts just like `HttpResponse` but uses a 403 status code.

class HttpResponseNotAllowed

  Like `HttpResponse`, but uses a 405 status code. The first argument to the constructor is required: a list of permitted methods (e.g. `['GET', 'POST']`).

class HttpResponseGone

  Acts just like `HttpResponse` but uses a 410 status code.

class HttpResponseServerError

  Acts just like `HttpResponse` but uses a 500 status code.

Nota

If a custom subclass of `HttpResponse` implements a `render` method, Django will treat it as emulating a `SimpleTemplateResponse`, and the `render` method must itself return a valid response object.

#### Custom response classes

If you find yourself needing a response class that Django doesn’t provide, you can create it with the help of `http.HTTPStatus`. For example:

    from http import HTTPStatus
    from django.http import HttpResponse

    class HttpResponseNoContent(HttpResponse):
        status_code = HTTPStatus.NO_CONTENT

## `JsonResponse` objects

class JsonResponse(data, encoder=DjangoJSONEncoder, safe=True, json_dumps_params=None, **kwargs)

  An `HttpResponse` subclass that helps to create a JSON-encoded response. It inherits most behavior from its superclass with a couple differences:

  Its default `Content-Type` header is set to application/json.

  The first parameter, `data`, should be a `dict` instance. If the `safe` parameter is set to `False` (see below) it can be any JSON-serializable object.

  The `encoder`, which defaults to `django.core.serializers.json.DjangoJSONEncoder`, will be used to serialize the data. See JSON serialization for more details about this serializer.

  The `safe` boolean parameter defaults to `True`. If it’s set to `False`, any object can be passed for serialization (otherwise only `dict` instances are allowed). If `safe` is `True` and a non-`dict` object is passed as the first argument, a `TypeError` will be raised.

  The `json_dumps_params` parameter is a dictionary of keyword arguments to pass to the `json.dumps()` call used to generate the response.

### Usage

Typical usage could look like:

    >>> from django.http import JsonResponse
    >>> response = JsonResponse({"foo": "bar"})
    >>> response.content
    b'{"foo": "bar"}'

#### Serializing non-dictionary objects

In order to serialize objects other than `dict` you must set the `safe` parameter to `False`:

    >>> response = JsonResponse([1, 2, 3], safe=False)

Without passing `safe=False`, a `TypeError` will be raised.

Note that an API based on `dict` objects is more extensible, flexible, and makes it easier to maintain forwards compatibility. Therefore, you should avoid using non-dict objects in JSON-encoded response.

Avvertimento

Before the 5th edition of ECMAScript it was possible to poison the JavaScript `Array` constructor. For this reason, Django does not allow passing non-dict objects to the `JsonResponse` constructor by default. However, most modern browsers implement ECMAScript 5 which removes this attack vector. Therefore it is possible to disable this security precaution.

#### Changing the default JSON encoder

If you need to use a different JSON encoder class you can pass the `encoder` parameter to the constructor method:

    >>> response = JsonResponse(data, encoder=MyJSONEncoder)

## `StreamingHttpResponse` objects

class StreamingHttpResponse

The `StreamingHttpResponse` class is used to stream a response from Django to the browser.

Advanced usage

`StreamingHttpResponse` is somewhat advanced, in that it is important to know whether you’ll be serving your application synchronously under WSGI or asynchronously under ASGI, and adjust your usage appropriately.

Please read these notes with care.

An example usage of `StreamingHttpResponse` under WSGI is streaming content when generating the response would take too long or uses too much memory. For instance, it’s useful for generating large CSV files.

There are performance considerations when doing this, though. Django, under WSGI, is designed for short-lived requests. Streaming responses will tie a worker process for the entire duration of the response. This may result in poor performance.

Generally speaking, you would perform expensive tasks outside of the request-response cycle, rather than resorting to a streamed response.

When serving under ASGI, however, a `StreamingHttpResponse` need not stop other requests from being served whilst waiting for I/O. This opens up the possibility of long-lived requests for streaming content and implementing patterns such as long-polling, and server-sent events.

Even under ASGI note, `StreamingHttpResponse` should only be used in situations where it is absolutely required that the whole content isn’t iterated before transferring the data to the client. Because the content can’t be accessed, many middleware can’t function normally. For example the `ETag` and `Content-Length` headers can’t be generated for streaming responses.

The `StreamingHttpResponse` is not a subclass of `HttpResponse`, because it features a slightly different API. However, it is almost identical, with the following notable differences:

- It should be given an iterator that yields bytestrings, `memoryview`, or strings as content. When serving under WSGI, this should be a sync iterator. When serving under ASGI, then it should be an async iterator.

- You cannot access its content, except by iterating the response object itself. This should only occur when the response is returned to the client: you should not iterate the response yourself.

  Under WSGI the response will be iterated synchronously. Under ASGI the response will be iterated asynchronously. (This is why the iterator type must match the protocol you’re using.)

  To avoid a crash, an incorrect iterator type will be mapped to the correct type during iteration, and a warning will be raised, but in order to do this the iterator must be fully-consumed, which defeats the purpose of using a `StreamingHttpResponse` at all.

- It has no `content` attribute. Instead, it has a `streaming_content` attribute. This can be used in middleware to wrap the response iterable, but should not be consumed.

- It has no `text` attribute, as it would require iterating the response object.

- You cannot use the file-like object `tell()` or `write()` methods. Doing so will raise an exception.

The `HttpResponseBase` base class is common between `HttpResponse` and `StreamingHttpResponse`.

### Attributes

StreamingHttpResponse.streaming_content

  An iterator of the response content, bytestring encoded according to `HttpResponse.charset`.

StreamingHttpResponse.status_code

  The HTTP status code for the response.

  Unless `reason_phrase` is explicitly set, modifying the value of `status_code` outside the constructor will also modify the value of `reason_phrase`.

StreamingHttpResponse.reason_phrase

  The HTTP reason phrase for the response. It uses the HTTP standard’s default reason phrases.

  Unless explicitly set, `reason_phrase` is determined by the value of `status_code`.

StreamingHttpResponse.streaming

  This is always `True`.

StreamingHttpResponse.is_async

  Boolean indicating whether `StreamingHttpResponse.streaming_content` is an asynchronous iterator or not.

  This is useful for middleware needing to wrap `StreamingHttpResponse.streaming_content`.

### Handling disconnects

If the client disconnects during a streaming response, Django will cancel the coroutine that is handling the response. If you want to clean up resources manually, you can do so by catching the `asyncio.CancelledError`:

    async def streaming_response():
        try:
            # Do some work here
            async for chunk in my_streaming_iterator():
                yield chunk
        except asyncio.CancelledError:
            # Handle disconnect
            ...
            raise

    async def my_streaming_view(request):
        return StreamingHttpResponse(streaming_response())

This example only shows how to handle client disconnection while the response is streaming. If you perform long-running operations in your view before returning the `StreamingHttpResponse` object, then you may also want to handle disconnections in the view itself.

## `FileResponse` objects

class FileResponse(open_file, as_attachment=False, filename='', **kwargs)

  `FileResponse` is a subclass of `StreamingHttpResponse` optimized for binary files. It uses wsgi.file_wrapper if provided by the wsgi server, otherwise it streams the file out in small chunks.

  If `as_attachment=True`, the `Content-Disposition` header is set to `attachment`, which asks the browser to offer the file to the user as a download. Otherwise, a `Content-Disposition` header with a value of `inline` (the browser default) will be set only if a filename is available.

  If `open_file` doesn’t have a name or if the name of `open_file` isn’t appropriate, provide a custom file name using the `filename` parameter. Note that if you pass a file-like object like `io.BytesIO`, it’s your task to `seek()` it before passing it to `FileResponse`.

  The `Content-Length` header is automatically set when it can be guessed from the content of `open_file`.

  The `Content-Type` header is automatically set when it can be guessed from the `filename`, or the name of `open_file`.

`FileResponse` accepts any file-like object with binary content, for example a file open in binary mode like so:

    >>> from django.http import FileResponse
    >>> response = FileResponse(open("myfile.png", "rb"))

The file will be closed automatically, so don’t open it with a context manager.

Use under ASGI

Python’s file API is synchronous. This means that the file must be fully consumed in order to be served under ASGI.

In order to stream a file asynchronously you need to use a third-party package that provides an asynchronous file API, such as aiofiles.

### Methods

FileResponse.set_headers(open_file)

  This method is automatically called during the response initialization and set various headers (`Content-Length`, `Content-Type`, and `Content-Disposition`) depending on `open_file`.

## `HttpResponseBase` class

class HttpResponseBase

The `HttpResponseBase` class is common to all Django responses. It should not be used to create responses directly, but it can be useful for type-checking.